The Order of St. Stanislav is a state award of our country. Previously, this emblem was issued by emperors and kings who ruled the state. The Order of St. Svyatoslav is a junior in comparison with other state awards. It was mainly officials who received it.
When the award was established
The Order of St. Stanislav was established on May 7, 1765 by the Polish king Stanislav-Augustus Ponyatovsky. This was done in memory of the patron saint of the country, whose name received the state award. After Poland joined Russia, this order began to be awarded to Alexander I.
Who was awarded this order
They were awarded subjects of the Polish kingdom and Russia. This insignia was awarded to officials, military, scientists - to all who distinguished themselves by service for the good of the country. They handed him over for excellent public service, charity work and military exploits. The award relied on scientific discoveries in various fields and the creation of large manufactories. Often the order was issued for creative work recognized as generally useful.
This distinction was a mass award. Any state employees who had served their due time or had cool ranks could apply for it. The award of St. Stanislav was the youngest among other Russian insignia. But the gentleman who received the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd degree, acquired the status of a hereditary nobleman.
Among the nobles there was a discontent that petty merchants and office workers in a flash turned out to belong to a higher caste. And the emperor decided that this was too easy a way to obtain such a title. Therefore, the status of the order has been changed. Beginning May twenty-eighth, 1855, the insignia of the second and third degree no longer contributed to obtaining the noble title.
By whom and how was the award presented?
The Order of the Third Degree was awarded by the Cavalier Duma established at the award. It included twelve senior gentlemen, whose chairman had a distinction of the first degree. The Duma met in the capital, annually in April. First degree award certificates were personally signed by the emperor. And the award of II and III of Art. produced by members of the Chapter of the Order.
Order History
The manifesto on the Order of St. Stanislav was published by Alexander the First in December 1815. According to the document, 4 degrees of reward were introduced. The following manifesto of the order was published on September 2, 1829. According to him, the award retained all its four degrees. The document also included merits for which the order was issued, and for its holders - rights and benefits.
The insignia was added to the Russian awards on November 17, 1831. On May 28, 1839, the order received a new status. Nicholas I abolished the fourth degree of the award. And at the same time, by order of the emperor, the image of St. Svyatoslav was replaced by his monogram with the name.
Until 1917, the order retained its status with minor changes. Members of the Imperial Russian House automatically became hereditary gentlemen of the first degree insignia.
In 1917, after the revolution, the Order of St. Stanislav in Soviet Russia was not restored. Poland also did not introduce it into its state insignia, declaring its independence in 1918. The government decided to establish a new order. For him, an element was also taken from the award of St. Stanislav - ribbons.
Description
The Order of St. Stanislav is a cross with 4 divided ends. The first and second degrees differ in the size of the award. Earlier to the Order of I and II Art. attached an eight-pointed star. But after 1939, it was canceled for Russian citizens who received the distinction of the First degree. Star II Art. only foreigners were awarded.
Since 1844, for citizens who were not Christians, the monogram of St. Stanislav, located in the center of the order, was replaced by a black eagle with two heads - a symbol of the Russian Empire. Since 1855, crossed swords passing through the center of the order were added to the insignia attached to the main award. Thanks to this, the dignity of the award increased.
If the second time the order with a higher degree was not awarded for military merit, then swords were placed at the top of the star and cross. In 1870, on the third of December, this innovation was canceled by Alexander II, and on the seventeenth of February 1874 the imperial crown was abolished as an element increasing the dignity of the award.
In 1917, the provisional government also made changes. Double-headed eagles acquired drooping wings and were not crowned with a crown. And the date of April twenty-fifth was recognized as the annual holiday of the award. In 1957, for military merit, the Order of St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree with swords and a bow, which was made of the order ribbon , was awarded .
Rules for wearing rewards
The Order of the I degree in the form of a cross is worn on an 11-centimeter tape thrown over the right shoulder. The star should be on the left chest. The Order of the II degree in the form of a cross is worn on a 4.5-centimeter tape on the neck. And the insignia of III art. - in the form of a cross on a block, on a 2.6-centimeter tape. Signs of lower degrees of reward are not worn if the highest degree of the order complains.
Order of the first art.
The Order of St. Stanislav of the 1st degree was made in the form of a cross having four divided ends, decorated with golden balls. The award was covered with red enamel with a double gold border around the edges. The divided ends of the cross connected the precious semicircles in the form of shells. In the corners of the cross were Russian double-headed eagles of gold, and in the center - a white enamel medallion (the same was on the back of the award). It was framed by a gold border. In the middle of the medallion stood the monogram of St. Stanislav. The cross was glued to the edge of the sash with two white stripes.
Order of the second art.
The Order of St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree consisted of the same (but smaller) cross, which was at the award of Art. Worn insignia on the neck. The star, which served as a complement to the award, was issued only to foreigners. For Russian subjects, only a cross was supposed - with the imperial crown and without it.
Order of the third art.
The Order of St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree was made in the form of a golden cross. Its design was the same as that of the I and II degrees. But the cross was the smallest in size. He wore on the sash or on his chest in a buttonhole.
I star
The star of the Order of St. Stanislav has always been made of silver. She had 8 ends. In the center of the star was a white, in a gold hoop, medallion with the sign of St. Stanislav. The outer side of the hoop had a motto inscription. It was performed in gold letters on a white background. And separated by a golden flower. A star of the 1st degree was enclosed in a green ring. It was framed by a gold rim. On a green background were four precious laurel branches. Each was connected in the center by a golden flower. A star of the 1st degree was worn on the left side of the uniform.
Knights of the Order
Academician Krylov Alexei Nikolaevich received the Order of St. Stanislav of the first degree for many years of work. One of his legendary inventions is the Novik destroyer. The Order of St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree, the photo of which is in this article, was awarded to the Gobyato Leonid Nikolaevich. It was an academician, artillery inventor and undaunted warrior. He participated in the creation of melee weapons - mortars.
The greatest writer Chekhov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the third degree for public works and trusteeship. He built rural schools, arranged sanatoriums for patients with tuberculosis and much more. Zoshchenko Mikhail Mikhailovich was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the second degree with bows and swords for the courage and courage shown in battles, the brilliant command of the company.
The Order of St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree was received by academician Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. This award was his first state distinction. And this is not all of the listed gentlemen of the Order of St. Stanislav. The list of people who received it is simply huge. Almost 20,000 people received the Order of the I degree, II Art. - almost 92 thousand people, III art. - over 752,000 people. And during the war with the Japanese, 37475 thousand people received the award of St. Stanislav.
Privileges of the Order
All who received the orders of St. Stanislav had a number of privileges and advantages. Cavaliers of this insignia were entitled to special pension payments. For this, the Treasury each year allocated 66 thousand rubles. Particular attention was paid to the gentlemen of the order, whose ranks were no higher than the ninth grade, and if they owned less than a hundred peasants. This happened until Alexander II officially abolished serfdom in the country.
Such award recipients received additional privileges. For example, they could send daughters aged seven to fourteen to college. Those, in turn, having distinguished themselves in their studies and graduated from a higher educational institution, received higher payments from Kapitul than other boarders. And the treasury of the Cavalier Duma was replenished at the expense of the newly-awarded order holders, who were supposed to make a one-time monetary contribution. The accumulated money was used for a variety of charitable purposes.