In this article, we will familiarize ourselves with the concept of division. This is a multicomponent term that can be applied in a wide variety of spheres of human activity, as well as its consequences are observed in the nature of living organisms. Regardless of the scope of the term and / or the environment of the process, is an extremely important concept.
Cell division
Cell division is an educational phenomenon during which, through the division of one cell, two daughter structures are formed, usually identical to the material of the mother system.
Prokaryotic division includes a division into two equal parts. This is preceded by cell elongation, the subsequent formation of a transverse septum, and only then the discrepancy.
Representatives of eukaryotic cells can share in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. The propagation path will depend on the type of cell.
Amitosis and preparation
Cell division involves amitosis and preparation.
Direct division is amitosis. They are called the direct form of division. This occurs with the interphase nucleus by constriction and without creating a spindle, through which the separation of cell structures and information of the nucleus will occur. Amitosis is the most cost-effective option for dividing, due to its low requirements for energy costs. Amitosis has a number of similarities with the proliferation of prokaryotes.
Bacterial cells most often include a DNA molecule in a circular form. She is always alone and attached to the cell membrane. Before the start of division (reproduction), DNA begins to replicate and form 2 identical molecular structures. Further, during the division, the membrane grows between these 2 molecules. As a result of this, on both sides of the spindle, 2 fragments with hereditary information that are identical to each other are located at different ends of the cell. This form of reproduction is called binary division.
Division is a process that is preceded by preparation. It begins at a certain stage in the cell cycle, called interphase. At this stage, the most important processes occur that allow cells to multiply. Carried out protein biosynthesis, doubling of the most important structures. There is also a doubling of the chromosome, consisting of two halves (chromatid). The duration of the interphase in animal and plant organisms takes about 10-20 hours. What follows is mitosis.
Mitosis and meiosis
Cell division is the way of its reproduction. There are two main ways: mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is a form of transmission of hereditary information during which a copy of the original chromosomes is saved. One of the few advantages of this division over meiosis is the absence of complications in the cell with any ploidy indicator. This is due to the lack of mandatory use of chromosomal conjugation at the prophase stage. This process includes the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, between which an interphase occurs. The same stages are observed in meiosis, however, they occur twice with some differences.
Meiosis is cell division, during which there is a halving of the chromosome number. This is equivalent to any daughter cell. The first who described it in animals was V. Fleming in 1882, and plant meiosis was explained by E. Strasburger in 1888.
The formation of gametes occurs through meiosis. During reduction, both spores and sex cell structures with a chromosome set acquire for themselves the 1st chromosome from each chromosome formed by two chromatids and contained in a diploid cell type. Further fertilization will allow the new organism to get the chromosome set in diploid form. The karyotype remains unchanged.
Administrative-territorial form of division of territories
Territorial division is a division of the territory provided for by the administrative-territorial structure of the state. Most often, this applies to unitary powers. In accordance with their division into separate regions and sections, an organ system is created that is responsible for a specific territory. Separation may be due to the natural, political, ethnic and economic factors. The administrative-territorial form of separation is also used in federal states. However, unlike unitary structures, a federation has a corresponding type of device (federated).
About ATD
The subjects of the federation are most often assigned the unitary structure of the administrative-territorial set of separation rules. Units that are subjects of the federation most often relate to subjects of local self-regulation and management. The list of their rights is determined and protected by a special code of laws.
Territorial division is a distinction that may be the result of the collapse of a state with a similar form of separation. Previously, the internal administrative border may become a new demarcation of the territory of the newly formed country. However, most often this becomes a problematic issue, which leads to the formation of interstate disputes.
Division in math
In mathematics, division is a special operation, the opposite of multiplication. In mathematics, it is denoted by using a colon, slash or obelus, as well as a horizontal dash.
This action is similar to multiplication, where the replacement of repeated addition of the number occurs. However, the result of division is the opposite action, which involves repeatedly repeating subtraction.
Let's get acquainted with the division by example: 15/4 =?
From the expression follows the question of how many times the number 4 is repeated when subtracting from 15.
A repetition of the taking away of the four will show us the contents of three fours and one three. In this case, 15 is the dividend, 4 is the divisor, the triple repetition of the four is the partial quotient, and 3 is the remainder. The end result of dividing work is also called a relation.
About numbers
Never forget that division and product are different concepts. The latter refers to multiplication. Mentioning this here is not superfluous, since often people ask similar questions.
Currently used division, applicable to a huge number of numbers created and conditionally divided by man. Today there is a division: natural, rational, complex and integers, and also this includes the division of polynomials into zero and algebraic.
"Difference is division." A similar statement is also often found in Internet sources, but this is not true. The difference is called the number (r), indicating the total number of units, which is formed by subtracting one component of the calculation from another: a - b = c, where a is the decremented, b is the subtracted, and c is the difference. This definition is equivalent and the same for any form of numbers, such as rational fractions or integers, etc. Do not be like blondes asking the question "is the difference is multiplication or division?" Difference is the opposite of multiplication.
Division by zero
In the standard arithmetic rule set, division by zero remains undefined.
When it comes to dividing by infinitesimal functions or sequences other than zero, it can be argued that points with a divisor function in the form of zero have an indefinite quotient function. If we divide a function that is bounded and distant from zero by an infinitesimal one, then we can obtain an infinitely large one. Uncertainty is the ratio of 2 infinitesimal functions (0/0). It can be transformed, getting certain results.