Legislation of any country in the civilized world is obligated to each employer to provide its employees with a standard in such areas as safety and health. In Russia, the legislative framework on these issues is contained in the articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Education and relevant state standards, as well as regulatory industry legal acts.
Where security matters
All questions on industrial safety can be conditionally related to one of the areas. The first is the safety of equipment, machine tools, mechanisms, i.e., any production system. The other is the storage, use, movement of material and goods (to processing zones, along corridors and to exits). The third is a convenient and safe workspace. Here we are talking about the influx of fresh air, maintaining cleanliness, the availability of drinking water, etc.
The legislation obliges the employer not only to guarantee normal and safe working conditions for each of the employees, but also to provide all the necessary information required during the production process instructions.
Violating these rules, he may turn out to be a defendant in a criminal case (in case of serious injury to the employee due to negligence of persons directly responsible for safety measures).
Yourself an instructor
The care of the employees themselves about the correct actions in terms of their own safety is no less important. It is the responsibility of each of them to study the rules and official instructions, performing a specific type of work, be sure to use special clothing, be aware of the evacuation procedure, the availability of fire extinguishing means and be able to use them, as well as provide first aid if necessary.
Any organization must be developed and adopted a policy in such a crucial area as occupational safety. It is documented with the approval of the TB officer.
This document is reviewed at intervals of two to three years. It depends on changes in the structure and personnel changes.
Main document
The main regulatory document of the enterprise on safety issues is called labor protection instructions. It refers to internal regulatory documentation.
The purpose of the instruction is to conduct a briefing on labor protection related to each workplace. Its requirements are mandatory for all employees. Those who refuse to comply with them are considered violators of labor discipline with appropriate sanctions.
For example, article 81 of the code allows the employer to terminate the contract of employment in the event that the employee at least once grossly violated these requirements, and this led to serious consequences (work injury, accident or disaster) or threatened with the occurrence of such consequences. Disciplinary misconduct under Art. 192 shopping malls are punishable by punishment, including dismissal.
Her purpose and basics
A lot of instructions on labor protection have been issued for representatives of any profession, in addition, on a specific type of each of the works. It is no secret that the same profession involves a variety of operations (an example from the field of welding - it can be electric arc welding using an electron beam, etc.).
The basis for their development is intersectoral rules, standard instructions, requirements given in the technical documentation for equipment supplied by the manufacturer. Be sure to take into account the conditions of each specific production.
Prior to development, their employer, by order, draws up a list of jobs and professions for which they are written. At the same time, the state schedule must be taken into account.
What does it say
The contents of the instructions must consist of specific requirements for the normal operation of the equipment, each of the technological processes, as well as the general conditions for safe operation. It regulates the best in this regard, labor techniques and methods, as well as the sequence of their implementation.
An instruction is drawn up with the participation of the leadership of each of the structural divisions, approved by mandatory agreement with persons representing trade union or other competent bodies.
They put it into effect (i.e., proclaim it mandatory for each employee) from the date of signing.
Specific content
Any of such instructions has, besides the name, a separate number. Its title should explain what kind of position in question. It consists of standard items or sections:
1. Labor protection, its general postulates.
2. Conditions that must be met before starting work.
3. The same thing - during the production process.
4. What to do in an emergency.
5. Conditions that must be met upon completion of work.
What in which section
If we examine the contents of each of them in a little more detail, then the basic requirements include factors under which the employee can be allowed to independently perform labor operations for a certain position or for a specific type of work (talking about the state of health, minimum age, training, etc. .). Next - instructions for the regime, rest, etc.
The general section also includes a list of hazardous production factors, protective equipment, including work clothing and safety shoes. Another - fire rules and the procedure for informing the administration about accidents and equipment failure. In addition, emergency first-aid instructions and personal hygiene standards.
Other items
The second section usually prescribes actions devoted to preparing the workplace, protective equipment, checking the health of the tool for work, alarm systems and other devices. In addition, in what order a shift is received and transmitted in a process having a continuous cycle.
The third section is devoted to safe working methods, requirements for handling existing mechanisms, vehicles and raw materials. This also includes emergency prevention activities.
The section devoted to emergencies describes most of the possible ones with an indication of the causes that cause them, as well as the actions that are required from the workers in each particular case.
The final section deals with the procedure for disconnecting, disassembling mechanisms and machines, lubricating and caring for tools. Another - about the requirements for waste management and hygiene. Be sure to prescribe and the duration of the instructions for labor protection.
How they are accounted for and stored
Each head of the unit must be provided with a set of these documents to the extent that concerns his subordinates. To the employees themselves this document is issued for handwriting upon personal instruction for the purpose of study, or is hung out at the workplace or in another, no less accessible.
Such instructions are taken into account in journals of a certain form for accounting and issuance. Accounting books, according to the rules, are numbered, laced up, signed by responsible persons and certified with a seal.
What is the duration of labor protection instructions in the organization?
This question is often overlooked by those who, by the nature of their duties, need to develop them. Why is the validity of safety instructions so important? The reason is this. Many different factors affect normal operation - from the technical deterioration of equipment and the need to replace it with a new one, ending with new principles for training personnel.
So, what is the validity period of labor protection instructions at the enterprise? The answer can be found in the same regulatory documents on the basis of which they are developed. And he counts five years under the law.
What does this mean in practice? Literally, the sources contain recommendations for revising them through each "five-year period." But when during all this time the working conditions were not subjected to global changes, and there was also no revision of standard regulatory documents, this time is allowed to be extended.
Extension of labor protection instructions
So, over the past five years no significant changes have occurred. How long should safety instructions be adopted? Most often, the specific period for which it is extended is established by order of management. Moreover, this action must be documented.
At the very beginning of the document (instruction), “Revised” is marked and certified with the signature of the person who is the responsible person in this case. A new (extended) period of validity of labor protection instructions must be noted.
If something has changed
It happens that the situation looks different. For example, have the conditions of people's labor activity changed over a five-year period, or is there a review of higher standards? What is the validity period of labor protection instructions now?
In such a situation, any instructions regarding industrial safety and labor protection must be reviewed ahead of time by the head of the organization. If necessary, promptly draw up and approve new ones.
Does the duration of labor protection instructions for workers change when there has been the introduction of more modern technology and a change in technological processes? This situation refers to the above, that is, we are talking about a change in working conditions. Accordingly, instructions are required to be reviewed and replaced on time.
If an accident has occurred (industrial accident), an investigation is underway. After analyzing the results, as well as the statistics of occupational diseases, the enterprise management is obliged to draw the appropriate conclusions and adjust the existing instructions.
Other cases
Also, it may be necessary to draw up new instructions, according to the results of the GIT check. In the aforementioned situations, it is difficult to establish the validity of labor protection instructions for work with increased danger. Obviously, the frequency directly depends on the favorable situation at the enterprise.
Will the validity of labor protection instructions change if we are talking about reconstructed (or completely new) production? In this case, it is extremely important to observe the safety of work during the construction of new facilities or technical re-equipment. To this end, the Recommendations provide for temporary labor protection instructions, the validity of which is associated with the date of commissioning of new (reconstructed) production. It should be prescribed methods for safe work and handling of appropriate equipment.
Are the safety and fire safety instructions valid? The frequency of substitutions in the last law is not regulated. The "superior" documents contain only the requirement that they be available for any property other than private homes.
It seems appropriate to revise the instructions regarding fire safety in the event of global changes in regulatory documents, a change in the profile of an enterprise or its structure, and the number of full-time employees. In general, an update is recommended every three to five years.