The form of organization of the educational process is a program to facilitate learning or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, learning, and directional research. Parenting often takes place under the guidance of teachers, but students can also learn on their own. The process can take place in a formal or informal setting - and any of the options has a formative influence on how a person thinks, feels or acts.
The form of organization of the educational process is usually divided into levels such as pre-school education, or kindergarten, primary and secondary schools, and then college or university.
The right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations. In most regions, education is compulsory until a certain age.
Steps
The form of organization of the educational process takes place in a structured sphere, the purpose of which is to educate students. Usually, the first step is carried out in a school environment, where several children study in classes along with a trained, certified teacher. Most forms of organizing the educational process are developed on the basis of a set of values or ideals that determine all the options for education in this system. They include a curriculum, organizational models, design of physical spaces (for example, classrooms), student-teacher interaction, assessment methods, classroom size, educational activities, and much more.
Preschool education
Such institutions provide traditional and creative forms of organizing the educational process at the age of three to seven years, depending on the country. Almost everywhere, this level is called kindergarten, with the exception of the United States, where such a term is used to describe the initial levels of education. The first stage provides a child-centered preschool program, which is aimed at revealing the physical, intellectual and moral nature of a person with a balanced emphasis on each of them.
Primary education
Primary education consists of the first five to seven years of formal structured learning. As a rule, the forms of organization of the educational process at school begin at 5–6 years, although the age varies between (and sometimes within) countries.
Worldwide, about 89% of children between the ages of six and twelve are in primary school, and this proportion is growing. Through UNESCO's Education for All programs, most cities have committed themselves to universal primary education.
The separation between the various forms of organization of the educational process at school is somewhat arbitrary, but usually the transition from one step to another occurs at the age of eleven or twelve years. Some systems have separate interim periods. At the same time, the transition to the last stage of secondary education occurs at about the age of fourteen. The traditional and creative forms of organization of the educational process, representing the first stage, are mainly called primary classes.
Second stage
Almost all forms of organization of the educational process of modern educational systems include formal training, which is intended for adolescence. It is characterized by the transition from a typical mandatory comprehensive primary level for minors to optional or higher education (for example, a university, vocational school, and so on) for adults.
Depending on the system, the education of this period may be called gymnasiums, lyceums, secondary schools, colleges or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The border between primary and secondary education also varies depending on the country and even within them, but usually ranges from the seventh to tenth year of study.
Forms and methods of organizing the educational process
Universities often feature guest speakers for students, such as various senior politicians who give speeches at Moscow State University.
Higher education is an optional level that follows graduation. It is colleges and universities that mainly represent this stage. Individuals who graduate from higher education usually receive certificates, diplomas or degrees.
This form of organization of the educational process, as a rule, includes the work of obtaining basic qualifications. In most developed countries, a significant part of the population (up to 50%) receives higher education or already has it. Therefore, the stage is very important for the national economy both as an independent industry and as a source of trained and educated personnel.
University education includes teaching, research and social activities and covers both the undergraduate level (sometimes called higher education) and the graduate level (or postgraduate study). Some universities have several colleges.
One of the forms of organization of the educational pedagogical process is humanitarian education.
Next step
Vocational education is one of the main forms of organizing the educational process, which is focused on direct and practical training for a particular specialty or craft. This step can take the form of apprenticeships or internships at various educational institutions. Students can master carpentry, agriculture, mechanical engineering, medicine, architecture, art, etc.
Special form
According to world history, for a long time people with disabilities often did not have the right to public education. Disabled children were repeatedly denied training by doctors or special educators.
But with the advent of scientists (such as Itard, Segen, Howe, Gallaudet) the foundation of special education was laid. Educators focused on individual learning and functional skills. In the early years, special education was provided only to people with serious disabilities, but in the last century it was open to all who have difficulty learning.
Other educational forms
What today is considered an “alternative”, for the most part, has existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed in the nineteenth century, some parents found reasons to be dissatisfied with the new form. The main organization of the educational process has been partially replaced. Alternative education developed as a reaction to the perceived limitations and disadvantages of traditional education.
Charter schools are another example of alternative education. Their number in recent years has grown very much throughout the world and is becoming increasingly important in the state system.
Over time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm problems can be accepted as the norm in education, as well as Friedrich Frebel’s approach to early childhood education. Friedrich included kindergarten in modern classes. Changes were made in Germany in the 19th century.
Other influential educators and thinkers included the Swiss humanist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, the founders of progressive education and classroom development as a form of organizing the educational process - John Dewey and Francis Parker. As well as educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner.
And in recent times, education was developed by John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison.
National features
Indigenous education means the incorporation of knowledge, models, methods into formal and informal educational systems. Often in the postcolonial context, the growing recognition and use of national teaching methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of knowledge and language as a result of colonialism. In addition, it can allow indigenous communities to rebuild and reassess their art and culture - and thereby improve student learning.
Non-formal learning
This phenomenon is one of the three forms of education defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Non-formal learning takes place in different places, for example, at home, at work, and also as a result of daily interactions and common relationships between all people. For many students, this includes language acquisition, cultural norms, and manners.
In non-formal learning, there is often a reference person, colleague, or expert to guide the student. If the students have a personal interest in what they are taught in an informal setting, they seek to expand their existing knowledge and develop new ideas on the topic being studied. For example, a museum is traditionally considered an informal learning environment, since there is room for free choice, a diverse and potentially non-standardized range of topics, flexible structures, socially rich interaction and the absence of externally imposed assessments.
Although non-formal education often takes place outside educational institutions and does not correspond to a specific program, it can also occur in educational institutions and even during formal situations. Teachers can structure their lessons to directly use the informal learning skills of their students as part of their education.
At the end of the XIX century, formation through the game began to be perceived as an important contribution to the development of the child. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept was expanded to include young people, but the emphasis was on physical activity.
Also, one of the first supporters of lifelong learning described education through rest: “A master in the art of living does not make a clear distinction between his work and play, work and leisure, mind and body, education and rest. He hardly knows what is what. He simply realizes his vision of excellence in everything that he does, and it is difficult to determine whether he works or plays. For himself, he seems to always do both. It’s enough for him that he does this. ” Learning through relaxation is an opportunity to learn throughout life. This concept was reinstated by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.
Selfeducation
Autodidactics is a term used to describe autonomous learning. A person can become a participant in such a process at almost any moment of life. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (US President), Srinivas Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, sound engineer, film director) and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, artist).
Open Education and Electronic Technology
Many major universities are now beginning to offer free or nearly complete courses - Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Moscow State University. Other universities offering open education are prestigious private universities, such as Stanford, Princeton, Duke, as well as well-known state universities, including Tsinghua (Beijing), Edinburgh and so on.
Open education has been called the biggest change in the way people are educated since the invention of the printing press. Despite favorable studies of effectiveness, many individuals may still want to choose traditional university education for social and cultural reasons.
Many open universities work to be able to offer students standardized testing, traditional degrees and diplomas.
Currently, the standard merit system is not as widespread in open education as it is on college campuses, although some free universities already offer traditional degrees. Currently, many of the main sources of such education offer their own certificate forms. Because of their popularity, these new types of academic diplomas are gaining increasing respect and equal value with traditional degrees.
Of the 182 colleges surveyed in 2009, almost half indicated that online course fees were higher than campuses.
A recent analysis showed that online and blended educational approaches have better results than methods that use exclusively personal communication.