Parietal digestion is important for the absorption of beneficial trace elements and vitamins from consumed foods. In the intestines, microscopic villi are responsible for this, and intestinal enzymes increase the contact area by filling the cavities of the protruding membranes. The latter are called enterocytes.
The essence of metabolic processes
Parietal digestion is the main supplier of nutrients from food to the human body. In this area, pre-disinfection of digested food occurs due to filaments. The latter bind to enterocytes, forming glycolix.
Parietal digestion ensures the absorption of 80% of trace elements. The remaining 20% dissolves in the intestinal cavity. Through the membranes, beneficial substances enter directly into the transport system.
In the intestine, food is digested in two interdependent stages: abdominal and parietal digestion. The first begins back in the stomach, and microelements already freed from bonds immediately enter the body.
Final stage
The importance of parietal digestion is to capture the decomposed particles after cavity splitting. The final absorption of substances occurs due to the action of gastric juice. Violation of these processes directly affects the general condition of the human body.
The stages of parietal digestion are interdependent. Violation of one of the processes affects the composition of intestinal juice. Metabolism also depends on the composition of the medium in the stomach cavity.
The initial stage of digestion occurs while chewing foods. Saliva breaks down trace elements that are more easily absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, it is important to saturate with saliva not only solid products, but also their derivatives in liquid form.
Dissolution of complex substances
Proteins are poorly soluble substances. Special elements of pepsins attack food in the stomach cavity. The purpose of the process is to disrupt existing intercellular connections and decompose them into simple substances. The resulting composition of the intestinal contents is called chyme.
In this environment, parietal digestion becomes possible. In the small intestine, it occurs most actively. Juice is a means of dissolving chyme. It facilitates the transfer of substances by increasing the area of food contact with the membranes.
Polysaccharides and disaccharides
Carbohydrates enter the digestive system in a state of complex bonds. Prolonged cleavage into monosaccharides is required. Only in this state is their absorption possible by membranes.
Ideally, carbohydrates should break down into glucose, fructose and galactose. Disaccharides consist of the following elements:
- Lactose.
- Maltose.
- Sucrose.
Polysaccharides contain:
- Starch.
- Cellulose.
- Glycogen.
Initially, polysaccharides break down into disaccharides. The substance of the digestive system a-amylase dissolves, which is found in saliva and intestinal juice. Monosaccharides are obtained thanks to disaccharidases in the cavity of the stomach and small intestine. Glucose is required for energy. She is a source of energy.
Disturbance of parietal digestion affects the physical abilities of a person. With insufficient intake of glucose into the body, almost all vital processes slow down. It becomes impossible to make up for lost cells. Many diseases are associated with the process of splitting food and the absorption of simple trace elements.
Lipids and Acids
The most difficult substances to dissolve are lipids. They consist of two components:
- Triglycerides break down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
- Phospholipids.
Properties similar to lipids are observed in cholesterol. However, triglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal membranes much more difficult. This is due to their characteristics in a liquid medium to collect in a drop. Through its walls, intestinal juice enzymes cannot penetrate.
Lipids are digested under conditions when they do not adhere to the liquid. So, the digestion process begins in the mouth, stomach and continues in the intestine. Drinking a glass of water, tea or another drink immediately after lunch or dinner blocks the possibility of normal digestion. Often triglycerides move deep down the digestive tract without digesting.
However, the body is actively struggling with this due to the following substances:
- Lecithin, bile acid, alkaline medium - convert lipids into an emulsion. The composition of the mixture is already very small particles.
- Bile acids bind to lipids, forming micelles - smaller substances. Micelles are already separated at the walls of the intestine from bile acids and are absorbed individually by membranes.
Nucleic acids break down into phosphate and pentose. To implement this, a two-stage splitting of food occurs. At the beginning of cavity digestion, the complex components break down into nucleotides.
The second stage of parietal cleavage divides the substances into the simplest:
- Nucleosides in turn decompose pentoses and bases.
- Phosphate.
The breakdown of acids occurs due to intestinal enzymes nucleotidases.
Metabolic abnormalities
The processes of parietal digestion are quickly disrupted under the negative influence of bacteria, malfunction of the adrenal glands, and bad food. Constipation, long breaks in the intake of nutrients affect the composition of intestinal juice. Intestinal motility provides the optimal speed of the chyme along the intestines. Her change affects the digestibility of all trace elements.
The absorption of trace elements is influenced by some substances: hormonal drugs, serotonin, secretin. Participation in the digestion of the central nervous system is proven. Anesthesia, vagotomy significantly slow down the metabolic processes in the body.
Some substances can accelerate bowel secretion: gastrin, enterokinin, insulin. Each drug has an effect on digestion. With this in mind, a combined drug intake is used that eliminates negative factors that change the composition of intestinal juice.