Mongolia is a republic located in East Asia. The capital of the state is Ulan Bator. The population of the capital is about 1.3 million people. The land, which is not washed by the seas, is almost eleven times smaller in area (1,564,116 km 2 ) than Russia. The neighbors of Mongolia are Russia on the northern side, and China on the eastern, southern and western sides. The state is a member of UN structures and is listed as an observer in some CIS structures.
Country history
In ancient times, the lands of the state were covered with swamps and forests, and steppes and meadows spread on the plains. In the 4th century BC on this territory lived an ancient people - the Huns. In 202 BC e. on the lands of modern Mongolia the Hun Empire was created under the command of Modun Shanu. It was the first empire of nomadic tribes. Huns ruled on Mongolian lands until 93 A.D. e.
After them came to rule the Mongol, Kyrgyz and Turkic khans. In the 12th century, the Mongol tribe tried to unite into a single state, but this process was more like a union of communities. This attempt to create a united state went down in history under the name Hamag Mongol.
The empire was created in 1206 as a result of the unification of Genghis Khan with Manchuria and disunited Mongol tribes. As a result of active hostilities, the lands of the state expanded significantly. Part of China and significant territories in Asia, the state of Ilkhanov and part of Kievan Rus were captured.
The borders of the empire extended over 33 million km 2 , and the population was 100 million people. Despite the fact that at that time 300 million people lived all over the world. But since 1294, the slow collapse of the Mongol empire began. The post-imperial period passed the reign of the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
In 1924, with the support of the Soviet Union, Mongolia was proclaimed the Mongolian People's Republic. How much was the population of Mongolia then? The number of citizens in 1918 is estimated at 647.5 thousand people.
In 1961, Mongolia became a member of the UN, and in 1962 - a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, headed by the USSR. Then the population growth began. After the collapse of the USSR, democratic and economic reforms took place in Mongolia. The privatization of industry, agriculture, and trade was carried out. In 1997, the state became a member of the WTO.
The peoples of Mongolia
The state is a mono-ethnic community. The total population of Mongolia, estimated for 2015, is just over three million people. 94% of the country's inhabitants are Mongolian groups. The Turks also live in the country, a small percentage of Chinese and Russians.
There are about twenty Mongolian and non-Mongolian ethnic groups in the republic. The largest group is the Khalkha-Mongols, which make up about 2.1 million people (82.4% of the total population). The largest number of halchs inhabit the southern, eastern and central parts of the country. In the west, there are derbers, zakhchins, torguts, bayats and olets. These are the descendants of the western Mongol-Oirats.
About 101.5 thousand Kazakhs live in Mongolia. The ethnic group makes up almost 4% of the total population and ranks second in number among the various ethnic groups living in Mongolia. Kazakhs are located mainly in the Bayan-Ulhegei aimak. They came to these lands in the 19th century from the areas of the Black Irtysh and the upper reaches of Bukhtarma. Despite the fact that Kazakhs speak their native language, in culture and traditions they are very similar to the Mongols, which allows Kazakhs to coexist harmoniously with the main ethnic group of the state.
Other ethnic groups also live in the country. Buryats, for example, occupied the northern region of the country. Representatives of the people retained their ethnic identity, but the language is largely similar to the language of the Khalkha. Buryats make up 1.71% of the total number of residents of the state.
An ethnic group similar to the Buryats in language and culture lives in the east of the country. The number of barguts is only 2.3 thousand people. This people moved to Mongolian lands in 1947 from northeast China.
Ethnic Russians migrated to the lands of Mongolia in the second half of the nineteenth century. About two and a half thousand people of Russian nationality live in the country today. The first Russians in Mongolia were Old Believers who fled from their native country due to religious persecution.
Mongolia population
According to December 2015, the people of Mongolia are just over three million people. The annual population growth was 1.74%. The dynamics of the population indicates that the number of citizens is increasing from year to year. The population density of Mongolia is 1.8 people per square kilometer.
Other demographic indicators of the country for 2016 are presented by such data:
- 73.5 thousand people were born;
- 18.4 thousand dead;
- 55 thousand people made up a natural increase;
- 3 thousand people made up migration growth;
- 1,499 thousand men, 1,538 thousand women, which is approximately 1: 1.
The resettlement of citizens across the territory of Mongolia is heterogeneous. The average population density in Mongolia in 2017 is 1.8 people per square kilometer. The most densely populated capital of the state, where a third of the entire population lives, is the Khangai Mountains and the Orkhon Valley. Very low population density in the south of the country, significant desert and semi-desert territories are completely deserted.
Forecasts for 2017
Analysts predict that in 2017 the population of Mongolia will increase. So, the total number of citizens will be 3,090,183. For comparison, we can cite the data of past years for Mongolia. For example, the population in 2014 was 2.91 million people, over three years the figure grew by 0.09 million people.
A positive increase is expected, which will be 56 thousand people. In 2017, approximately 74.7 thousand children will be born and 18.7 thousand people will die. If the level of migration remains the same as in 2016, then in 2017 the number of inhabitants due to migration will change by 3.2 thousand people. So, the number of people leaving Mongolia will be more than the number of visitors who plan a long-term stay in the country.
Life span
Mongolia, whose population is approximately equally distributed by gender, is not characterized by high life expectancy. Men live on average up to 65 years, women - up to 69 years. At the age of 15-49, male mortality is almost three times higher than female.
The main cause of death in the Mongolian population is injuries and alcoholism. In this regard, in 2014 a decree was issued on the creation of men's training groups, according to which every year all men should undergo a medical examination. Another serious problem in Mongolia, whose population is dying en masse from cancer, cardiovascular diseases and tuberculosis, is the inadequate level and inaccessibility of quality medical care in some areas.
Age distribution
As of January 2017, the country's population was represented by the following age groups:
- 27.3% - children under 15 years old;
- 68.7% - the population of working age (from 15 to 64 years);
- 4% - people of retirement age (from 65 years).
This distribution creates a low demographic coefficient of burden on society (45.6%). The ratio of the number of children to citizens of working age is 39.8%, the pension burden (the ratio of the number of pensioners to the population from 15 to 64 years) is 5.8%.
Literacy
It is estimated that 2 million people over 15 receive or have received education, are able to read and write. The population of the country of Mongolia is almost 99% educated. Only 35.7 thousand people remain illiterate.
The literacy rate among men is 98.18%, women - 98.58%. The youth literacy rate is 98.05%.
Customs and traditions
Hospitable and friendly Mongolia. The population of the region is so welcoming that each guest is greeted with a tea bowl - this is a sign of respect for the owner. By tradition, the guest should accept the bowl with both hands, which is a sign of gratitude to the owner for the hospitality.
Tsagaan-Sar (New Year) is the most favorite holiday. On this day, residents put on national clothes, go on a visit to relatives and friends. It is believed that the more feast on the holiday, the better the owners of the house will live in the coming year.
As for wedding traditions, his parents are looking for a wife for his son. By the day of the wedding, the groom should build a yurt for his bride. On a holiday, the future husband must pick up the girl from the parental home on a horse.