In the article, we will consider how to take a urine test according to Nechiporenko.
Blood and urine donation for laboratory analysis is a standard procedure that is carried out in the diagnosis of various diseases in the human body. However, this occurs when there is insufficient general clinical research. In this case, the patient will be sent for a urinalysis according to Nechiporenko. What is the essence of such a clinical study? What are the indications for its conduct and purpose? How to decipher the analysis results?
Clinical Study Description
Urine analysis according to Nechiporenko is aimed at determining the inflammatory process progressing in the urinary system. This research method is based on the assessment of the concentration of biological trace elements that are present in one milliliter of urine:
- Red blood cells - blood cells that deliver oxygen to each tissue. When the patient is healthy, red blood cells are completely absent in the urine.
- White blood cells are blood cells that block infection pathogens. Their high urine content is a direct indication of the inflammation process.
- Cylinders are protein casts that form in the ducts of the kidneys and enter the urine if there is a pathogenic process.
Cylinder subtypes
Regarding the latter, it must be said that they can be divided into such subtypes:
- Hyaline - may be present in the urine to a minimum extent, casts are formed from primary urine proteins that could not enter the bloodstream.
- Epithelial - are rejected cells of the kidney ducts.
- Granular - formed due to lysis of the tubular walls.
- Erythrocyte - the components of "traffic jams", consisting of red blood cells that clog the ducts of the kidneys.
- Waxy - like casts are formed during a long stay in the renal ducts of granular and hyaline species of protein compounds.
When is such an analysis required?
Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko is prescribed in the following cases:
- If a general clinical analysis of urine showed an increased content of cylinders.
- If blood loss is suspected.
- When diagnosing an increased degree of present blood cells (white blood cells or red blood cells) in the urine.
- If you suspect or have already diagnosed pathologies of the urinary system.
- After treatment, the study is carried out to control.
Urinalysis: what are the differences
What does urine analysis mean by Nechiporenko? This is the name of visual microscopic diagnostics, which is carried out on high-tech equipment. Its distinguishing feature is the study of urine sediment for the presence of blood cells in it and their detailed calculation, in contrast to the general analysis, which means the establishment of physical signs of urine. Another difference is the fact that prior to the delivery of the material for general analysis, special preparation is not required, and passing urine according to Nechiporenko without preliminary preparation will not work, since deviation of the indicators from normal values will indicate a particular pathology.
How to collect urine analysis according to Nechiporenko?
Features of urine collection: recommendations
How does urine give up? There is an action algorithm inherent in the procedure that tells how to collect urine in this way. Preparation begins 24 hours before the expected fence, it consists in the need to abandon fatty, salty and alcoholic beverages. The fence is done in the morning, as night urine gives the most reliable result. The principles and rules of how to take an urine test according to Nechiporenko to an adult are quite simple, and their implementation will not be difficult for the patient.
- Personal hygiene of the genitals before collecting biomaterial without detergents.
- Eliminate completely serious physical activity a day before the collection of urine.
- The fence should be made in a special sterile container, which can be purchased at the pharmacy.
- Since an average urine is needed for analysis, the first portion in the preparation of urine for this study must be sent to the toilet. A fence is made in the middle of the urination process. How to collect a urine test according to Nechiporenko correctly, the doctor will tell.
- The container with the collected material is corked for analysis immediately after collection. The collected urine must be delivered to the laboratory for analysis, no later than two hours later. After this time, the development of pathogenic microflora in the urine begins, which will obviously cause the wrong result.
Regarding the amount of urine for analysis, it must be said that 20-25 milliliters of material for the study is enough.
How to pass a urine test according to Nechiporenko to a child?
You need to start preparing for the collection of biomaterial for analysis in a child two days before the proposed process. At the same time, the task for parents is to adhere to the following recommendations:
- limit physical activity;
- give more water to the child;
- prepare exclusively dietary foods that do not contain dyes.
Collection algorithm for children
Regarding the procedure for collecting material for analysis in children, it is necessary to mention such an algorithm.
First you need to wash the little patient, but without the use of detergents and soap.
If the child is older, he needs to try to explain the essence of the procedure for collecting urine. After he must go to the toilet or pot.
To collect urine, you need to substitute a sterile container during urination.
Having collected the necessary volume for analysis, you need to allow the child to “do his own thing” in a calm environment.
Breastfeeding
How to pass a urinalysis according to Nechiporenko baby? At the smallest, the fence is carried out through the urinal. To examine urine in infants according to the Nechiporenko method, it is allowed to collect all the urine, since the parents will not be able to isolate the middle one.
After collecting the biomaterial, the container is sealed and sent to the laboratory.
What is the norm for urine analysis according to Nechiporenko?
Normal indicators of analysis and its deviations
The presence of pathology is determined by the quantitative value of the deviation from the norm. What is meant by it? If urine is analyzed according to Nechiporenko, then the following digital values of biological material in one milliliter of urine are considered normal:
- up to two thousand white blood cells;
- up to twenty units of hyaline cylinders;
- up to a thousand red blood cells.
If abnormalities in the analysis of urine according to Nechiporenko are observed upward, then this indicates the presence of diseases of the urinary organs. At the same time, the following indicators of the presence of biological trace elements in one milliliter of urine are critical marks:
- more than three thousand white blood cells;
- more than twenty-five units of hyaline cylinders;
- more than one and a half thousand red blood cells.
During pregnancy
It is necessary to dwell in more detail on the quantitative values of the norm of urine according to Nechiporenko in pregnant women. Such a diagnosis of urine can be prescribed if necessary or if there are such suspicious signs:
- discomfort and pain in a woman during urination;
- the presence of inflammation in the organs of the urinary system;
- exacerbation of the clinical picture of chronic kidney disease;
- the presence of urolithiasis;
- critical marks of general clinical analysis of urine.
The results of the study are evaluated according to generalized standards, but with a slight quantitative deviation in the direction of increasing the presence of blood cells in the urine. This is due to the fact that daily diuresis is increasing. If the analysis results have a large number:
- erythrocytes - increases the likelihood of complications during childbirth;
- leukocytes - conclude the presence of cystitis or pyelonephritis;
- cylinders - speaks about the danger of developing inflammation of the ureters, pyelonephritis and pyelitis.
Urine analysis according to Nechiporenko what shows?
Analysis indicators: decoding features
It is necessary to count leukocytes and red blood cells.
In the analysis according to Nechiporenko, urine is considered bad with an excess of the limit of the content of biological bodies in one milliliter. Consider the reasons for the appearance of excess cells in urine.
An increase in red blood cell counts when analyzed by Nechiporenko over a thousand may indicate the presence of hematuria due to:
- crystals and stones in the bladder and kidneys;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- acute glomerulonephritis;
- kidney failure;
- kidney infarction;
- genitourinary injury;
- cystitis.
If leukocyte counts are increased in urine according to Nechiporenko more than two thousand, this indicates leukocyturia, which has a different degree of severity. And the more the specialist counts the white blood cells, the stronger the inflammatory process goes. If leukocytes cannot be counted due to their huge number, specialists diagnose pus in the urine - pyuria. The following indicators can lead to such an increase:
- acute cystitis;
- chronic and acute types of pyelonephritis;
- urolithiasis;
- kidney infarction;
- inflammatory process of the prostate gland.
How to correctly determine the diagnosis due to the analysis of urine according to Nechiporenko? You need to count the cylinders in the urine.
Cylinder is a deviation due to the presence of cylinders in the patient's urine. We will study what the presence of cylinder molds in a patient in urine indicates, depending on their type.
The presence of hyaline casts of cylinders in an amount of more than twenty units is able to talk about:
- hypertension
- pyelonephritis;
- glomerulonephritis.
If even single grainy-type casts appear in the urine, this indicates:
- the presence of infectious viral processes;
- acute glomerulonephritis;
- inflammation of the renal pelvis;
- lead poisoning.
Waxy cylinders can appear when:
- renal amyloidosis;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- chronic kidney failure.
Epithelial casts that are detected during the analysis according to Nechiporenko, speak about:
- necrosis of the tubules, which proceeds in acute form;
- an overdose of the body with toxic substances;
- the presence of an infectious-viral process.
The red blood cells found in the patient’s urine most often indicate severe somatic diseases. However, one cannot rush with an independent determination of the diagnosis, since it is only the doctor who can correctly decipher the indicators and judge further actions.
We examined how to take a general urine test according to Nechiporenko and what the results may mean.