Despite the fact that the body of a healthy person works like a clock, his body is still subject to negative external influences, some of them can cause really serious harm. Unfortunately, bruises and abrasions, cuts and burns - a phenomenon quite familiar to the average person. Sometimes worse things happen: bone fractures, ruptures of blood vessels.
You need to be able to provide first aid to your neighbor, if he needs it. But how to render it, not knowing what the general concept of first aid is? First you need to understand the theory, and only then move on to practice.
The first stages of help. Classification
It should be understood that assistance to the victim is not just divided into first and professional. In accordance with the federal law on the protection of public health from 2011, rescue of the victim is built in a systematic manner and has 5 levels, the first of which is directly the first aid provided on the spot.
Next comes the first pre-medical care (MAP), the provision of which is carried out by a feldsher, nurse or nurse, pharmacist, that is, any person who has a secondary specialized education in medicine. The next stage will be the first medical care (PVP), which is provided to the injured by doctors of an ambulance.
The difference in the roles of a passer-by and a specialist
Many people believe that first aid to the victim and the concept of first aid is the same thing. But actually it is not. These concepts are completely different in nature. Basic manipulations to save human life are often performed by ordinary people, passers-by, who were at the scene of the accident by accident. Pre-medical care can only be provided by a specialist who has at least a secondary medical education, since it includes a set of measures for the use of drugs and techniques.
First aid differs from first aid also within the law. Trying to save a person or not trying to do it is the moral choice of a citizen who was next to the victim. If he cannot or for some reason does not want to render it, then he has the right to it.
In this case, the citizen's only duty is to call an ambulance. That is, notification of special services, the concept of first aid for which is not an empty phrase. Failure to comply with this obligation violates article 125 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which sounds like “Abandonment of danger” and provides for punishment in the form of a fine, compulsory work or imprisonment for up to 1 year.
With pre-medical care, the situation is exactly the opposite: if a specialist with secondary medical education did not begin to provide it to the injured, then he is tried according to article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. If a person who needed help died, then a doctor who did not fulfill his duty can be imprisoned for up to 4 years.
Qualified Medical Assistance
When the victim was rescued by an arriving ambulance, the car delivers him to a specialized facility. Then the 4th level takes place - this is already professional medical care (ILC), which can be provided only in hospitals, hospitals, that is, in special medical institutions by qualified doctors. ILC can be therapeutic or, in more severe cases, surgical.
The last level is SMP, which stands for specialized medical care, which is the exact opposite of the concept of first aid. It requires not only great practical and theoretical experience from the doctor, but also special technical equipment. It is widely used in the ophthalmic and neurological fields.
Definition of basic concepts
First aid (PHC) is a complex of rescue measures. It turns out to be the victim, often by people who were near at the time of the injury and who are not specialist doctors. First aid is aimed at minimizing the negative outcomes of an injury, and in especially serious cases, at maintaining life activity in the body of a victim until the arrival of qualified personnel capable of truly saving a person.
Since emergency rescue is carried out for the most part by people who do not have medical practice, it implies, first of all, the separation of the victim from damaging factors: to remove him from water or a smoky room, stop exposure to electricity, and so on. The concept of first aid also includes stopping bleeding, bringing the victim in a comfortable position. Since the medical team rarely arrives in less than 5 minutes, in severe cases, victims have to do a heart massage.
Priority action plan
Before proceeding directly with the rescue of the victim, one should recall the emergency plan, which implies a transition to action after assessing the situation. First you need to understand exactly what happened and how the victim was injured, one person was injured or several.
The concept of first aid to the victim includes an assessment of the degree of damage received and the possibility of impaired function of internal organs. Only after the situation has been more or less considered (this process should not take a lot of time), you can proceed with the action. This is the exclusion of the effects of damaging factors, stopping bleeding and manipulations that can save a person's life until the arrival of an ambulance.
Rescue sequence
First, as already mentioned, it is necessary to stop the impact on the victim of negative factors. The concept of first aid at this stage involves stopping the bleeding and, if necessary, performing manipulations such as restoring the heart rhythm and independent breathing process, which, however, a person should not start without being confident in his abilities. Before proceeding with active actions, it is obligatory to call an ambulance at 03 for home phones and 103 (112) for mobile.
After calling an ambulance and performing basic manipulations, there is nothing left but to bring the victim to a comfortable position and ensure his psychological comfort: talk with him, encourage. According to the order of the Ministry of Health of 2012, the concept of first aid does not include medical measures and the use of medicines.
When actions don't make sense
It is useless to provide first aid when a person has passed from the stage of clinical death to the stage of biological death, which is characterized by irreversible brain death. A person who is experiencing clinical death can still be saved by activities such as indirect heart massage and mechanical ventilation.
The victim’s eyes speak of biological death: the cornea dries up and the pupil deforms, resulting in the effect of a “cat’s eye”. 3-4 hours after death, cadaverous spots of blue or crimson color begin to form on the body in the area of ​​the shoulder blades, on the buttocks and lower back. Rigor mortis also occurs - an indisputable sign of death, characterized by hardening of the muscle frame.
General conclusion
The concept of first aid primarily means the cessation of the effects of negative factors on the victim and minimal help in the form of stopping bleeding, bringing to a comfortable position, in more serious cases - artificial respiration and heart massage. It is also necessary to call a specialized team as early as possible.
You should also distinguish between medical terms. So, for example, there is first aid, the essence of which is to maintain the life of the victim, and professional medical assistance of various kinds. It is also worth noting that first aid and first aid are two fundamentally different concepts.