What is included in the DTP vaccine?

In the article, we consider the composition of DTP vaccinations.

It is done by administering to the patient a pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, which contains dead pertussis microbes and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids that are sorbed on an aluminum hydroxide gel.

It should be noted that toxoids are drugs that are obtained from toxins, while they are deprived of clearly manifest toxic properties.

The composition of the DTP vaccination in Russia is of interest to many.

Such substances help the body to produce antibodies to the initial type of toxin. Toxoids are obtained by holding toxins for a long time in a dilute and warm formalin solution.

There are several types: adsorbed tetanus liquid DTP; Tetracock Pentaxim Infanrix "Bubo-Kok."

The composition of DTP vaccinations is approximately the same for all varieties.

What diseases do they get DTP from?

What is the purpose of DTP vaccination? The vaccine includes components against three dangerous bacterial infections: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. Therefore, its acronym stands for: adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

The composition of DTP is described in the instructions.

Pertussis refers to an infection of rapid spread, dangerous mainly for children. It is very difficult for babies. It is characterized by complications in the form of lesions of the respiratory system, with pulmonary inflammation, convulsions and severe coughing. Whooping cough in the first half of the 20th century was a very common cause of death among children.

Diphtheria. A bacterial disease that provokes a severe inflammatory process of the upper respiratory system. Films and a fibrinous effusion are formed in the trachea and larynx, which can cause suffocation and death.

Tetanus is a soil infection, the patient becomes infected when bacteria enter the skin wound lesions. It is manifested by a defect in the innervation of muscles and convulsions. High probability of death without specific therapy.

The first vaccines were given to small patients in the 1940s. Currently, several means are allowed to be used in Russia.

The instruction and composition of the DTP vaccine will be discussed below. First, we analyze the characteristics of the domestic drug.

Domestic drug

It is produced by the Russian pharmaceutical manufacturer FSUE NPO Microgen.

DTP vaccinations (in 1 ml) contain:

• 20 billion microbial pertussis cells.
• 30 flocculating units of diphtheria toxoid.
• 10 antitoxin-binding units of tetanus toxoid.

What is used as a preservative? As a preservative, thiomersal (merthiolate), which is an organometallic mercury compound, is used as part of the domestic DTP vaccine. It is used against the fungus in the form of an antiseptic, and is also added to ophthalmic preparations, nasal sprays, soap, etc. Merthiolate is toxic, it is a carcinogen, teratogen, mutagen and allergen. A substance is especially dangerous if it is ingested with inhalation, through the skin and with food. If 66 mg / kg is injected under the skin, it will be a lethal dosage for children.

The composition of DTP vaccinations in Russia has not changed for many years. One vaccination dose (0.5 ml standard) contains 0.05 mg of merthiolate. The half-life after vaccination of newborns is from three days to a week. When a month passes, the degree of mercury compounds in the body decreases to the original. It is surprising to many that there is mercury in the DTP vaccine.

In the United States, the European Union and several other countries, Tiomersal is banned as a component of a vaccine for children. Although, according to the results of studies, it was determined that the rejection of funds, including merthiolate, did not in any way affect the incidence of autism. At the same time, it was argued that there is a direct correlation between the appearance of this disease and the administration of mercury compounds to children in the form of a vaccine preservative.

WHO approves the DTP vaccine; the vaccine contains whole and dead infectious cells.

It should be noted that vaccination is carried out only up to 3 years 11 months 29 days. Used after four years and up to five years 11 months 29 days "ADS-toxoid". Children over six years of age are given ADS-m-toxoid.

There is another composition of the domestic DTP vaccine. The Russian company “Kombiotech” has created and produces the “Bubo-Kok” product, in one vaccination dosage of which contains:

• 10 billion Bordetella pertussis pertussis microbes killed by formalin.
• 5 EU tetanus toxoid.
• 15 PV of diphtheria toxoid.
• 5 μg of the main surface antigen of the hepatitis B pathogen HBS protein.
• A 0.01% merthiolate is used as a preservative.

The composition of domestic AKDS is unique. Next, find out what the imported drugs contain.

Belgian vaccines

As part of a 0.5 ml DTP vaccine (single dose) INFANRIX ™ (Infanrix by GlaxoSmithKline J07A X) contains:

• at least 40 MIE of tetanus toxoid from Clostridium tetani;
• not less than 30 MIE diphtheria toxoid from Corynebacterium diphteriae;
• purified pertussis antigens;
• 25 μg detoxified pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis;
• 25 mcg filamet hemagglutinin;
• 8 mcg of pertactin outer membrane protein.

Anatoxins are purified and inactivated.

Other components of the DTP:

• aluminum phosphate and hydroxide - the first is needed to neutralize hydrochloric acid, the second enhances the body's immune response;
• ethylene glycol monophenyl ether - 2-phenoxyethanol in large quantities affects the central nervous system;
• formaldehyde is a carcinogenic preservative for animals, possibly also for humans;
• sodium chloride;
• low-toxic emulsifier polysorbate 80;
• injection water.

INFANRIX ™ IPV (Infanrix IPV) additionally includes strains and inactivated polio viruses in the composition of DTP:

• Mahoney (type 1);
• MEF-1 (type 2);
• Saukett (type 3).

Infanrix ™ HEXA ("Infanrix ™ HEXA"), in addition to polio strains, includes hepatitis B surface antigen.

Vaccine from france

The company from France, SanofiAventis Pasteur, is releasing its analogue of the DTP vaccine, Pentaxim (Pentaxim).

The purpose of the drug is to protect the child not only from whooping cough with diphtheria and tetanus, but also from hemophilic infection and polio. A hemophilic infection affects the respiratory organs, the central nervous system, can become sources of purulent foci in the children's body.

All this prevents vaccination with DTP.

The composition of the vaccine and the dosage for pertussis antigen and toxoids (tetanus and diphtheria) are similar to Infanrix from Belgium.

In addition, Pentaxime has an inactivated polio virus:

• 40 units of type 1;
• 8 units of 2 types;
• 32 units of 3 types.

DTP vaccine also contains excipients:

• 12.5 μg formaldehyde;
• 0.3 mg aluminum hydroxide;
• 0.05 ml - 199 * - Hanks medium - a two-component complex mixture of amino acids (M 199 medium and Hanks medium);
• red phenol is excluded from “DTP” preparations;
• 2.5 μl of phenoxyethanol - is a carcinogen that adversely affects the reproductive system and central nervous system;
• up to 0.5 ml of injection water;
• 7.3 - up to a pH of 6.8 - acetic acid (may be sodium hydroxide).

Also included:

• Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide type b 10 μg;
• sucrose - 42.5 mg;
• antacidemic agent trometamol 0.6 mg.

Let's continue the description of DTP. Another French version of the vaccine is Tetracock (produced by Pasteur Merier Sir & Waxen), one dose of which includes at least:

• Bordetella pertussis 4 IU;
• tetanus purified toxoid 60 IU;
• purified diphtheria toxoid 30 IU.

In addition, it contains poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine (strains of types 1, 2, 3). As auxiliary substances are used: 2-phenolethanol, formaldehyde, aluminum hydroxide.

The problem of complementarity and interchangeability of drugs

DTP vaccine is given for the first time to a person at the age of three months. After that, it is repeated two more times with a break of one and a half months. Then the vaccine is given at one and a half years, at six-seven, fourteen and, finally, for adults - anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria revaccination is carried out ADS-M. Given the fact that there are differences in the composition of the vaccine from different manufacturers, it is very important to keep in mind for the prevention of which particular diseases this or that remedy is intended, as well as the scheme for vaccination against certain infections.

Vaccination schedule specifics

When is DTP done? The national vaccination calendar indicates the following vaccination schedule for this type:

• DTP vaccine is given to children three times at the age of three, four and a half months and six months.
• The interval between vaccinations should range from a month to 45 days, when the first vaccination is missed for any reason, start from now, with observance of intervals of one and a half months.
• After four years, children are vaccinated without a pertussis component.

The maximum interval between vaccines is a period of 45 days, however, if you skip the administration of the drug for any reason, the second and third vaccination is given as far as possible - no need to do extra vaccination.

Revaccination is carried out in the following terms: at the age of one and a half years in a year. If the first administration of DTP vaccination was made later than three months, revaccination is done one year after the third injection.

DTP vaccination is given to adults only when they have not been vaccinated before in childhood. A course is carried out, including three injections, with an interval of one and a half months.

Children at the age of seven and fourteen are revaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus using the ADS-M vaccine or its analogues. Such revaccinations are needed to maintain immunity and the amount of antibodies at the required level.

Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in adults is carried out every ten years.

Consider the instructions for the vaccine DTP (Russia).

Instructions for use

DTP vaccination is inherently a yellowish or white suspension packaged in ampoules. Packed in ampoules of ten pieces in cardboard boxes.

In accordance with the instructions for use, the drug is intended to create immunity to diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis in children. Children under the age of four should receive four doses of the vaccine. If children are already ill with whooping cough, that is, they have a natural immunity to the disease, they receive the vaccine ADS-M, ADS (without pertussis component).

Where is the DTP vaccine placed? It is done intramuscularly in the thigh (quadriceps), older patients are injected into the shoulder. DTP vaccine is not allowed intravenously.

DTP vaccine can be combined with other vaccinations from the calendar by injecting into various parts of the body. There is only one exception - BCG vaccination, which is given separately, a certain break is observed.

What else does the instruction for use with DTP for children tell us?

Contraindications for vaccination

What contraindications do DTP vaccinations have, in which case is vaccination prohibited? The list of restrictions is quite extensive.

• Any illness that is accompanied by fever, including respiratory. Is a DTP vaccine allowed to be given a cold when there is no temperature? At the same time, they are guided by the condition of the baby as a whole. If the snot is also accompanied by a number of symptoms - rash, tearing of the eyes, the appearance of a slight cough, vaccination should be postponed. In the absence of other signs and a constant runny nose in a child, good appetite and general well-being can be vaccinated.
• The child had earlier convulsions or convulsions, not provoked by an increase in temperature.
• A strong reaction to the introduction of the vaccine before is extensive hyperemia and edema in the injection area, a temperature of more than 40 degrees, systemic allergy to DTP, neurological complications.
• Intolerance to the composition of the vaccine, including the preservative merthiolate and other compounds containing mercury.
• Immune diseases or the use of immunosuppressants.

Very often they ask the question: is vaccination allowed when the baby's teeth are cut? Yes, this is not dangerous for the child and does not affect the development of immunity. The only exception is accompanying teething with fever. In this case, the vaccine is delayed until the condition of the body is brought back to normal.

Features of preparing the baby for DTP vaccination

Since DTP vaccination can cause many post-vaccination complications and reactions, it requires a very careful attitude from doctors and parents. The rules for preparing a child for vaccination are as follows:

• By the time of vaccination, the child should be examined by all the necessary doctors and not have a medical allotment from them.
• The patient should be healthy, with good blood counts. Is a pre-DTP test required? The answer is yes. In addition, the pediatrician should fully examine the baby and ask about complaints from the parents.
• If the child has a predisposition to allergies - rash, diathesis - medical consultation is required. In this case, the vaccine is most often administered against the background of the preventive administration of antihistamine-type drugs (doctors often prescribe Fenistil DTP before vaccination). The remedy and dosage are set by a specialist, it is forbidden to give the baby medicine alone.

Preparation of parents for vaccination with DTP immediately before it includes the following items:

• The day before the vaccine or on this day, the child should go to great need. If there was no intestinal emptying, you need to give him a mild laxative, for example, Dufalac.
• Inoculate on an empty stomach. When vaccination is done late, you can’t feed the child an hour before, and in the morning give him diet food. You also need to avoid unusual foods and new foods.
• Do not dress the child too warm. If the child sweats upon arrival at the children's clinic, you need to undress him, sit in the corridor for about 15-20 minutes and let him “cool down”.
• Take water with you, it is allowed to give it unlimitedly. Before and immediately after the vaccine, the baby can be given a drink.
• Should I give a baby before vaccination with Suprastin DTP? It is forbidden to give any drugs without medical prescription. Despite the fact that their use does not affect the production of immunity, children on the recommendation of WHO do not need to be given antihistamines before preparing for vaccines.
  

Specific care after vaccine

What are the rules for caring for a child after DTP vaccine? This question is most often asked by parents.

Is it necessary to give him antipyretics after vaccination? Yes, doctors advise doing this for prevention, without waiting for a fever. You can use them in the form of candles, tablets or syrup. It is best to put a suppository with ibuprofen for the child at night.

Are walks after DTP vaccine allowed? There are no restrictions regarding air exposure. After vaccination, you need to sit a bit in the corridor, in case of a severe allergic reaction. Then you can take a walk. Walking is prohibited only when a temperature or other general reaction to the vaccine is formed.

On the day of vaccination, it is better to refrain from bathing. In the early days, try not to wet the injection area, however, there will be nothing wrong if water gets on the wound - you can not wash it with soap and rub with a washcloth.

Is it possible to do massage after DTP vaccine? There are no direct contraindications, but massage therapists usually advise to refrain from sessions for two to three days. It is best to either move the course, or postpone the vaccination for several days until the massage is over.

On the day of the vaccine and three days after this, it is necessary to carefully monitor the state of health of the child, if necessary, the temperature is measured.

Possible reactions to DTP vaccination

According to various sources, from 30 to 50% of babies respond in one way or another to the composition of the Russian-made DTP vaccine. What is normal and how to help the baby cope with the reaction? Most of the symptoms occur on the first day after the vaccine, but a reaction can occur within three days. It must be said that if the symptoms appeared later than this period (acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, fever), then this will not be a reaction to the vaccine, but an independent infection, and, unfortunately, it is easy to pick up after a visit to the clinic.

There is a general and local response to DTP vaccine. Local symptoms are changes in the subcutaneous tissue and skin at the injection site.

A slight redness appears in the injection area after DTP vaccination. How to be With a small spot size, do not worry. This reaction is typical with the introduction of a foreign agent. Redness will disappear in a day or a little later.

Condensation after DTP vaccine is also a normal reaction. What actions are taken in this case? To speed up resorption, the swelling is lubricated with Troxevasin gel. The bump and seal should resolve within 10-14 days. At the injection site, a lump may form when part of the vaccine was mistakenly introduced into the subcutaneous tissue. In this case, the resorption of the vaccine will be slower, however, this will not affect the formation of immunity and the health of the child.

The baby at the injection site often feels soreness. It is expressed weakly or strongly, depending on individual sensitivity. Therefore, sometimes after a DTP vaccine, the baby is lame, as it protects a sore leg. The condition of the child will help facilitate the attachment to the injection site of ice. If the pain persists for a long time, you should consult a doctor.

Common reactions are systemic manifestations, including allergic symptoms.

A common reaction to the composition of the AKDS vaccine of a Russian manufacturer is cases in which the temperature rises after it. Do I need to bring down the temperature? All doctors say unequivocally: the fever after the vaccine must be brought down with antipyretic drugs. There will be no benefit from her in this case, but she will negatively affect the well-being of the baby. If the temperature is not corrected by antipyretic drugs, you need to contact a specialist.

The child is prescribed antipyretic drugs based on ibuprofen and paracetamol. Children should not be given acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Give rectal suppositories, syrups or tablets. The first dose of the drug can be given as a preventive measure at night. Then give an antipyretic if the temperature is elevated. It is necessary to observe a break between receptions and not to exceed a dosage which is specified in the instruction. When using a previously defined drug, you need to use it yourself, do not acquire a new tool.

How long does the temperature hold after DTP vaccine? Heat usually lasts one to two days. It can rise on the day of the vaccine or the next day after it. DTP is not characterized by a rise in temperature in a later period, usually due to other reasons.

After the DTP vaccine, the rash is a temporary reaction of the immune system and does not cause any consequences. When the vaccine is given later, there is no such reaction.

After vaccination, there may be diarrhea - a short-term slight stool disorder. It is caused more by stress experienced by the baby than by the composition of the vaccine.

After DTP vaccination, there is usually no vomiting, it is provoked by the baby's nervousness or fever. Single vomiting does not require the intervention of a doctor, the child needs to be given plenty of water.

As a reaction to the pertussis component, a cough develops and appears throughout the day. To eliminate it, drug treatment is not required, it quickly passes.

Other reactions to DTP vaccination are loss of appetite, drowsiness, moodiness, nervousness, and restless behavior.

Allergic reactions and temperature often develop in response to repeated administration of DTP vaccination, in which antigens are already familiar to the body. That is why how the second vaccine is tolerated can be judged by how the baby will undergo further vaccinations. In case of allergies or severe reactions, replace DTP with lighter analogues or do not administer the pertussis component at all.

What is included in the DTP is now clear. Consider possible complications.

Complications

Typical reactions to DTP pass without a trace for several days. But the side effects and complications are different in that they need treatment and can harm the baby's health. What is the danger of DTP vaccine in this regard?

If the drug was administered in violation of aseptic rules, then “dirt” - numerous microorganisms that cause suppuration and inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue, can penetrate the wound. After DTP, an abscess forms. A painful red swelling appears on the skin, sometimes hot. In this case, surgical intervention is necessary - an abscess is cut, the wound is cleaned of dead tissue and pus and treated by the open method with antiseptic solutions, powders or ointments.

Among the side effects in children on the composition of the Russian DTP, the most dangerous is the neurological reaction that is characteristic of the pertussis component. Its result is shock, encephalopathy, impaired consciousness, twitching, convulsions. A direct relationship of these deviations with the pertussis component has not been established, but only one out of a hundred thousand children have such reactions.

After a severe reaction to DTP (shock, convulsions, too high a temperature), encephalopathy (characterized by a delay in the development of the mind) can also occur.

There is another dangerous complication that occurs very rarely on the composition of the DTP vaccine. This is a syndrome of hypotension and NNU (lack of reaction). It develops in children under two years of age within two days after vaccination. First, a fever begins, then the child becomes lethargic, falls into a state of drowsiness. Breathing shallow, pale skin. The reaction can last six hours, however, the condition of the children is normal, although the symptoms seem threatening.

DTP is not characterized by anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria, allergic reactions, however, very rarely they can still appear.

DTP vaccination is most often discussed by parents of babies. Hundreds of thousands of moms and dads speak out for and against this vaccine on online sites. Some of them tell stories about how a child has a high fever after vaccination, others say that the baby had no reaction to the introduction of a biological drug.

Like any preventive measures, vaccination with an adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine involves some preparation and preparedness of parents for possible problems. However, they can be overcome if the algorithm of actions is followed.

First of all, parents should be aware of which vaccine of which manufacturer will vaccinate their child. Today there are many such drugs, they have their pros and cons, but there are currently no frankly bad vaccines on the pharmaceutical market.

We examined what is part of the DTP vaccine.