Man lives and develops under the influence of natural and social conditions. The latter are the product of his own activity: physical, mental, cognitive. The uniqueness of human existence consists, first of all, in the fact that factors of the natural and social environment of a person as a whole form the evolution of the biological species Homo sapiens.
Common roots
With the greatest desire of man to distance himself from his animal nature, he is unlikely to succeed. Very much in our body and its functions reminds us of kinship with mammals.
This applies primarily to the general anatomical plan of the human body, namely: morpho-physiological signs of the occurrence of biochemical reactions in cells, organs and tissues. Indicate the factors of the natural and social environment correlatively interconnected, and this will help to find out the significance of each of them in the process of anthropogenesis. Be sure to take into account the fact that it is customary to consider a person as a complex, open, self-organizing, self-reproducing and recovering biosystem. Next, we will sequentially study the types of natural influences on the human body.
Abiotic factors
They include conditions such as humidity, light, temperature, background radiation. They directly or indirectly affect both an individual individual and the human population as a whole. Natural factors are also called environmental. The intensity of their impact can be constant or selective even in long intervals of development of the biosphere as a whole. This is gravity, the gas composition of the atmosphere, the salt composition of sea water, etc.
Types of environmental impacts
Changes in abiotic conditions can be divided into the following groups: non-periodic (earthquake, volcanic eruption), periodic (changing seasons, lunar cycles), as well as long-term events.
These include global warming of the Earth’s climate. All the inhabitants of the planet, including humans, adapt to a set of environmental factors using the mechanisms of neuro-humoral regulation of metabolism. All the facts mentioned above lead us to the following conclusion: indicate the factors of the natural and social environment that the body is exposed to, and only then can you predict what adaptive changes will occur both in the individual and in society as a whole.
Moreover, we are all under the influence of global environmental laws, for example: the law of optimum, the rules of relative independence of adaptation. Moreover, given the biosocial nature of man, it becomes clear what a great influence the laws of anthropogenesis, otherwise called social factors, have on him. When considering natural sciences and social sciences, you correctly indicate the factors of the natural and social environment. Biology focuses on such aspects as the doctrine of the biosphere, the laws of anthropogenesis, environmental laws.
Living organisms as a specific environment
Biotic conditions include various types of mutual influence of living organisms on each other. This may be the influence of plants, animals, bacteria on humans, the interaction of human individuals on each other.
Consider the first form of interconnection using the example of symbiotic bacteria that normally inhabit a human body. Their composition depends on the location in different parts of the body, as well as on gender, age and human health. So, in the oral cavity there are streptococci, pneumococci, E. coli. Yeast, enterococci live in the small intestine. The microflora of the large intestine plays an important role in the processes of absorption and general metabolism. Here are bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, B vitamins are synthesized, which improve digestion.
The long evolution of man, which took place in close contact with the animal and plant world, led to the appearance of cultivated plant varieties and domestic animal breeds. If you have the task: “Indicate the factors of the natural and social environment of a person”, it is necessary to take into account the impact on anthropogenesis of not only social disciplines, but also such sections of biology as botany, zoology, and bacteriology.
Human activities and the state of the biosphere
Unfortunately, until now people have not realized that their entire existence and life itself directly depend on the state of planet Earth and its nature. Our history is replete with facts of meaningless destruction by man of everything that surrounds him. But the beneficial effect of human activity on the outside world is just miserable. Humanity continues to “change nature” with enviable persistence. This kind of action is called the "anthropogenic environmental factor." Its negative influence can be reduced if we are guided in our actions by an “ecological conscience” (expression of the American scientist A. Leopold).
If you are asked a question about this, then indicate the factors of the natural and social environment that are most significant for human evolution, determine the place and role of such phenomena as urbanization and the population explosion in it.
Earth population increase
It is an indicator that dramatically affects the state of the biosphere, and belongs to a group of factors that determine the level of human social environment. Over the past 50 years, the world's population has doubled and now stands at about 7.3 billion people.
This phenomenon is called the population explosion. The largest of the existing problems is the provision of human resources with food resources. When studying demography (the science of the laws of population reproduction and the conditions on which it depends), reliably indicate the factors of the natural and social environment.
How did demography come about and what tasks does it set for itself? The beginning of its occurrence can be considered the middle of the 19th century, when the studies of A. Guillard appeared. Its main tasks are planning and monitoring of labor resources, as well as population policy (forecasting fertility and mortality, marriage and reproduction of the population as a whole).
Urbanization
Earth's population growth and industrial development are in sync with the advent of megacities. Now in the cities of different countries live from 45 to 47% of the total population. The microenvironment around them suffered the most from irresponsible human activities: accumulations of thousands of tons of garbage and water pollution from sewage. Almost destroyed the natural ecosystems surrounding large cities. Soil, water and air are contaminated with toxic industrial wastes. All this poses a direct threat to people's lives.
How to study the laws of human society
The French philosopher O. Comte proved that the social environment of man is the same object of study as nature. She lives according to certain laws, which are formed in the process of communication and interaction of people in the field of labor, life, culture. These patterns are studied by sociology. Indicate the factors of the natural and social environment - and, using the methods of sociological research, you can study all spheres of human life: politics, economics, management, education. Sociological studies examine human society based on the needs of its members, take into account the attitudes, interests and priorities of the human person.
To summarize the topic studied. It can be argued that if you are asked to: “Indicate the factors of the natural and social environment,” the brief answer should be as follows: “The first group includes abiotic (ecological) and biotic factors. They form the natural environment of man. The second group includes comprehensive processes of life human society called the social environment. "