What is a power system? This is a combination of all energy resources that are interconnected, and also includes all methods for the production of electric energy and thermal energy. This system also includes the conversion, distribution and use of the received resource. This chain includes such facilities as electric and thermal stations, oil supply structures, alternative renewable energy lines, gas supply, coal and nuclear industries.
general information
A power system is also a combination of all power plants, as well as electric and thermal networks, which are interconnected, in addition, they have connected common operating modes related to the continuous movement of production. In addition to production, this includes the processes of conversion, transmission, as well as the distribution of available electrical and thermal energy, subject to one operating mode.
An energy system is also a general system that includes all energy resources of any kind. This also includes all the methods used for obtaining, converting and distributing, as well as all technological means and organizational enterprises that are engaged in providing the country's population with all types of this resource.
Thus, the power system is the total amount of all power plants and heating networks that are interconnected, and also have a common schedule established in the process of continuous production, supply and distribution of electric and thermal energy, given that they have a common centralized control of such a regime work.
The specifics of the energy system
It is worth noting a very important fact: humanity does not have the ability to accumulate electrical or thermal energy for future use. It is impossible to stockpile these resources. This is due to the specifics of the stations involved in the production of this raw material. The thing is that the work of an object engaged in the production of electric energy is the continuous generation of a resource, as well as maintaining the equality of the ratio of consumed and generated power at any time. In other words, power plants produce exactly as much energy as they need to give. The same goes for thermal substations. Sources of energy, as well as its consumers are combined into energy systems, primarily in order to ensure high reliability of the population with these types of energy.
Parameters of the energy system and power plants
One of the main characteristics that is decisive in the operation of a power plant and characterizes the overall operation of the entire system is power.
Installed capacity of a power plant. By this definition is meant the sum of the nominal indicators of all installed elements at one facility. If you explain in more detail, the totality is determined by the technical passport of each primary engine, which can be a steam, gas, hydraulic turbine or other type of engine. These primary units are used to drive electric generators. It is worth noting that in this characteristic, it is also necessary to include those devices that are considered backup, and those that are currently under repair.
Power plants
In addition to the installed capacity, there are several more characteristics that describe the operation of the power plant. The power of the power system may also be available.
In order to calculate this indicator, it is necessary to subtract from the established those indicators that the engines that are under repair have. Also, when finding this parameter, it is necessary to take into account such a thing as a technical limitation, which may be associated with the design or technological performance of the engine.
There are also characteristics such as operating power. Describing this option is quite simple. It includes the total indicator, which is the sum of the digital values of the engines that are currently in operation.
General information about the system
The principle of operation of the stations included in the system, in general, is quite simple. Each object is designed to generate a certain amount of electric or thermal energy (for a thermal power plant). However, it is important to add here that after this type of resource has been developed, it is not immediately delivered to the consumer, but passes through such objects, which are called step-up substations. From the name of the structure it is clear that in this section there is an increase in voltage to the desired level. Only after that the resource already begins to spread across consumer outlets. It is necessary to control the power system with great accuracy, as well as clearly regulate the energy supply. After passing the step-up station, electricity should be transmitted to the trunk lines.
Energy system of the country
The development of the energy system is one of the most important tasks of any state. If we talk about the scale of the whole country, then the backbone networks should entangle the entire territory of the country. These networks are characterized by the fact that the wires are able to withstand flows of electrical energy with a voltage of 220, 330 and 750 kV. It is important to note here that the power available in such lines is enormous. This indicator can reach from several hundred mW to several tens of gW.
Such a load of the power system is huge, and therefore the next stage of work is the reduction of voltage and power to supply electricity to regional and junction substations. The voltage for such facilities should be 110 kV, and the power should not exceed several tens of MW.
However, this is not the final stage. After that, the
electric energy is divided into several smaller flows and transmitted to small consumer substations installed in settlements or industrial enterprises. The voltage in such areas is already much less and reaches 6, 10 or 35 kV. The final stage is the distribution of voltage across the electrical network to supply it to the public. The decrease is up to 380/220 V. However, some enterprises operate at a voltage of 6 kV.
Operation characteristic
If we consider the process of operating the energy system, then special attention must be paid to such stages as the transmission and production of electrical energy. It should be noted right away that these two modes of the power system are directly interconnected. They form one complex workflow.
It is important to understand that the energy system is in a mode of constant generation and transmission of electricity to consumers in real time. A process such as accumulation, that is, accumulation, of a developed resource does not occur. This means that there is a need for constant monitoring and regulation of the balance between the produced and consumed power.
Power balance
You can monitor the balance between produced and consumed power by such a characteristic as the frequency of the electrical network. The frequency in the energy system of Russia, Belarus and other countries is 50 Hz. Deviation of this indicator is allowed at ± 0.2 Hz. If this characteristic is in the range of 49.8-50.2 Hz, then it is considered that the balance in the work of the energy system is observed.
If there is a shortage of produced capacity, then the energy balance will be violated, and the frequency of the network will begin to fall. The higher the power shortage indicator, the lower the frequency response will drop. It is important to understand that a violation of the system’s operability, or rather, its balance, is one of the most serious drawbacks. If this problem is not stopped at its initial stage, then in the future it will lead to a complete collapse of the energy system of Russia or any other country in which the balance is disturbed.
How to prevent destruction
In order to avoid the catastrophic consequences that would occur if the system crashes, an automatic frequency load program was invented, which is used in substations. It works completely autonomously. Its inclusion occurs at the moment when a lack of power occurs in the line. Also, for this purpose, another structure is used, which is called the automatic elimination of asynchronous mode.
If we talk about the work of the AChR, then everything is pretty simple. The principle of operation of this program is quite simple and lies in the fact that it automatically disconnects part of the load on the power system. That is, it disconnects part of the consumers from it, thereby reducing power consumption, which means it restores the balance in the overall system.
ALAR, on the other hand, is a more complex system, the task of which is to find the places of asynchronous operation modes of the electric network and eliminate them. If a shortage of power occurs in the country's general energy system, the AChR and ALAR at substations are included in the work at the same time.
Voltage regulation
The task of adjusting the voltage in the energy structure is set in such a way that it is necessary to ensure the normal value of this indicator in all sections of the network. It is important to note here that the regulation process at the final consumer is carried out in accordance with the average voltage value that comes from a larger supplier.
The main nuance is that such adjustment is carried out only once. After that, all processes take place at larger nodes, which, as a rule, include regional stations. This is due to the fact that it is impractical to constantly monitor and adjust the voltage at the final substation, since their number across the country is simply huge.
Technologies and power systems
Technological development has led to the possibility of connecting power systems in parallel to each other. This applies either to the structures of neighboring countries, or to the device inside one country. The implementation of such a connection becomes possible if two different energy systems have the same parameters. This mode of operation is considered very reliable. The reason for this was that with the synchronous operation of two structures, if there is a power shortage in one of them, there is the possibility of eliminating it at the expense of the other, working in parallel with this. Combining the energy systems of several countries into one opens up opportunities such as export or import of electric and thermal energy between these states.
However, for such an operating mode, full correspondence of the frequency of the electric network between two systems is necessary. If they differ by this parameter, even a little, then their synchronous connection is not allowed.
Power Sustainability
Under the stability of the energy system understand its ability to return to a stable mode of operation after the occurrence of any kind of disturbances.
The structure has two types of stability - it is static and dynamic.
If we talk about the first form of stability, then it is characterized by the fact that the energy system is able to return to its original position after the occurrence of small or slowly occurring disturbances. For example, it can be a slow increase or decrease in load.
Dynamic stability is understood as the ability of the entire system to maintain a stable position after sudden or sudden changes in the operating mode occur.
Security
An instruction in a power system on its safety is what every employee of any power plant should know.
First you need to understand what is considered an emergency. Such a description is suitable for cases when there are changes in the stable operation of the equipment, which entail the threat of an accident. The signs of this incident are determined for each industry in accordance with its regulatory and technical documents.
If an emergency nevertheless arose, then the operating personnel must take measures to localize and further liquidate the situation. In this case, it is important to perform the following two tasks: to ensure the safety of people and, if possible, to keep all equipment intact and safe.