When individual words are combined into sentences, they become its members, and each of them has its own syntactic role. The syntax studies how coherent text is created from words. Definition, circumstance, addition - these are the names of the words-participants of the proposal, which are combined into a group of secondary members.
"Lord and servant"
If there are secondary members in a sentence, then there are principal ones. These are subject words and predicate words. Each proposal has at least one of the main members. More often syntactic constructions consist of both - subject and predicate. They represent the grammatical basis of the sentence. And what do minor ones do (definition, circumstance, addition)? Their task is to complement, clarify, explain the main members or each other.
How to distinguish minor members from main ones in a proposal?
First, we will remember that the main members of the proposal contain basic information about the subject, person, action, condition. In the sentence “Recently (predicate) rain has passed (subject)” the basis is the phrase “it has rained”, which concludes the main meaning of the statement.
Minor members (definition, circumstance, addition) do not contain statements about objects, persons, conditions and actions, they only explain the statements contained in the main members. "The rain has passed (when?) Recently."
Secondly, the main hours can be recognized by the questions they are asked. The subject will always answer the question “who?” or "what?". The sentence in the sentence will answer the question “what is doing?”, “Who is this?”, “What is it?”, “What is it?” The members of the proposal, which are called secondary, also have their own questions that are unique to them. Let's talk about them in more detail.
Definition issues, additions, circumstances
- By definition, linguists refer to a member of a sentence that describes a characteristic, quality of an object or person. "Which, which, whose?" - questions asked to the definition.
- Addition is the secondary member that contains the name of the person or object, but not the one who performs or experiences the action, but the one that became the object for the action. Questions of indirect cases (nominative does not enter here) are questions of addition (circumstances and definitions never answer them).
- A circumstance is a minor member that denotes in a proposal a sign of action or another sign. “Where, where and where, when, how, why and why?” - these are the questions that can be asked to the circumstance.
We examined the issues of definition, additions, circumstances. Now we find out which parts of speech can be expressed by each of these secondary members.
Characteristic definitions, examples
On the questions that are asked to be defined, it is clear that the names of adjectives, ordinal numbers, and participles act as this member of the sentence.
- "There was (what?) An increasing noise." Communion "accruing" is a definition here.
- "I'm already passing (which?) The third exam." The ordinal numeral “third” plays the role of definition.
- "Katya was wrapped in (whose?) My mother’s sweater." The adjective "mother" is a definition.
In parsing, this sentence term is underlined by a wavy line.
Specific circumstances
The groups of words with which circumstance can be expressed are huge, and therefore this member of the sentence has several types - place and time, purpose and reason, comparison and mode of action, conditions, as well as concessions.
Place circumstances
They characterize the direction and place of action. They are being asked the questions "where, where and where"?
- "Man has not yet visited (where?) On Mars." In this case, the circumstance is expressed by a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case: “on Mars”.
Circumstances of the time
They characterize the time period in which the action occurs. They are being asked questions “since when, until when, when?”.
- "We have not seen (since when?) Since last winter." The circumstance is expressed by the phrase adjective and noun, which is in the genitive case and has the pretext: "since last winter."
- "I'll be back (when?) The day after tomorrow." The adverb “the day after tomorrow” is used as a circumstance.
- "We need to have time to cross the border (until what time?) Before the evening." The circumstance of time is expressed by a noun in the birth. case with the pretext: "until the evening."
Circumstances of the goal
They explain what the action is for. “Why, for what purpose?” - his questions.
- "Raisa Petrovna went to the sea (why?) To swim." The circumstance is expressed here by the infinitive "swim".
- "Sergey came to the set (for what?) For the test." The circumstance has become a noun in the accusative case and having the pretext: "for testing."
- "Masha cut the rug (why?) To spite the governess." The circumstance is expressed by the adverb "in spite."
Circumstance of the cause
It characterizes the reason for the action. “On what basis, why, and why?” - questions of this kind of circumstances.
- "Artem was absent from rehearsal (on what basis?) Due to illness." The circumstance is expressed by a noun in the genus. n. with the pretext: "because of illness."
- "I told her nonsense (why?) In a rage." They do. expressed by the adverb “rash”.
- "Alice opened the door, (why?) Taking pity on the traveler." As a circumstance, the adverbial turnover “taking pity on the traveler” is used.
Circumstances of the course of action
They describe exactly how it is performed, to what extent this action is expressed. Relevant are his questions.
- "The master worked (how?) Easily and beautifully." The circumstances are the adverbs "easy" and "beautiful."
- “The dress was (to what extent?) Quite old.” The circumstance is expressed here by the adverb “completely”.
- "The boys raced (how fast?) Headlong." The circumstance is expressed by phraseological unit.
Comparison Circumstances
To them we also ask the question “how?”, But they express a comparative characteristic.
- "The engine, (like who?) Like a beast, flickered with headlights." Obst. expressed by the noun with the union: "like a beast."
Circumstances of conditions and concessions
The first shows the conditions under which an action is possible, and the second describes the contrary to what happens.
- "He will remember everything (under what condition?) If he sees Victoria." The combination “union, verb, noun”: “if he sees Victoria” acts as a circumstance.
- "The club will not cancel the competition, (despite what?) Despite the downpour." Obst. expressed by the sacramental participle: "despite the downpour."
During parsing, this term is underlined by a dot-dashed line.
These are the definition and circumstance. Addition is expressed by nouns or pronouns.
Examples of additions
- "The sun illuminated (what?) A clearing." The supplement is expressed by a noun in wines. P.
- "Marina suddenly saw (whom?) Him." Addition - pronoun in the accusative case.
- "The children were left without (what?) Toys." As a complement, a noun is used in gender. P.
- "We recognized (whom?) Martha by gait." Addition is the noun in gender. P.
- "Irina rejoiced (what?) The sea, like a child." In the role of complement - a noun in the dative case.
- "Alexei gave (to whom?) The manuscript to me" (expressed by the pronoun in the dative case).
- “Last summer I was carried away (by what?) With drawing” (noun in the instrumental case).
- "Ivan became (by whom?) A programmer" (a noun in the creation. Case).
- "The child spoke with enthusiasm about (what?) The cosmos" (noun in the sentence).
- "Don't tell him about (who?) Her." As a complement, the pronoun in the prepositional case is used.
During parsing, this minor member is underlined with dashed lines.
Place and role of minor members of the proposal
Minor members can clarify and explain the main ones in different configurations, Example: "The maternal look warmed (whom?) The baby, (how?), Like the sun, (what?) Affectionate and hot." The scheme of this proposal is as follows: definition, subject, predicate, addition, circumstance, definition.
And here is a sentence in which only the predicate is present as the basis: “Let's spend (what?) The year (what?) The past (how?) Song”. Sentence scheme: compound predicate, addition, definition, circumstance.
We can make sure that these terms are secondary only grammatically, but not in content. Sometimes the meaning that a definition, circumstance, addition concludes is more important than the information conveyed by the predicates and the subject.