The oil issue has always been considered the most important for the economy of any country.
Oil refineries in Russia began their history in 1745, from the very day when the first enterprise was founded on the Ukhta River by the Chumelov brothers. At the heart of its products lay ordinary, but very relevant in those days, kerosene, as well as other lubricating oils.
Today, Russia's oil refining industry is considered one of the most successful. The number of enterprises, both small and large, is constantly growing, which is due to the constantly growing income from the processing of "black gold". This industry is best developed in the Central region of the country, as well as in the Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions.
Oil refineries in Russia produce mainly gasoline, kerosene, diesel, rocket, aviation fuel, fuel oil, motor oils, bitumen, petroleum coke, etc. The vast majority of them are created next to the oil rigs, which allows companies not to spend additional funds on the supply of raw materials. After processing, the finished product is sent to the final consumer.
The main task that oil refineries in Russia perform is deep oil refining. Their production cycle, as a rule, consists of the process of preparing raw materials, primary distillation of oil and secondary processing of fractions, which includes catalytic cracking, reforming, coking, hydrotreating and mixing the components of the finished oil product.
The largest oil refineries in Russia are located in the Central, Siberian and Volga Federal Districts, which account for more than seventy percent of the country's total capacity. These are the Gazpromneft-Omsk Oil Refinery, as well as the Angarsk, Antipinsky (Tyumen), Afipsky (Krasnodar Territory), Krasnoleninsky (Khanty-Mansiysk), Ufa (Bashkiria), etc. On the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Bashkiria is the leader in primary oil refining.
Oil refineries in Russia for the most part appeared in our country after the war: for the period before 1965, 16 facilities were built, which is more than half of the existing today. However, during the formation of economic reforms in the 1990s, a significant decline in production volumes was observed in this industry . It is not difficult to explain: in those days, domestic oil consumption fell sharply, which led to the low quality of the product, and hence the low coefficient of refining depth, which dropped to 67.4 percent. And only in 1999 the Omsk Oil Refinery was able to get closer to the standards of the USA and Europe.
Only in recent years there has been a promising trend in this matter, a sign of which has been significant investment in oil refining, which, since 2006, has exceeded 40 billion rubles.
The refining depth ratio increased, because in 2010 V. Putin forbade by his Decree to connect to the highways those new oil refineries in Russia, in which he did not reach 70%, believing that such enterprises need serious modernization. The number of such mini-refineries in Russia today reaches two hundred and fifty.
And by the end of 2012, it is planned to build the largest oil refining complex in Russia, located at the very end of the pipeline passing through Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, with a product processing depth of about 93 percent, which will correspond to the level achieved at the same US enterprises .
The largely refined oil industry in our country is controlled by ten large companies such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Bashneft, Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP, Gazprom, etc.