Federal state educational standards are a set of certain pedagogical norms. They are mandatory for educational institutions. Next, we will analyze in more detail what the Federal State Educational Standards are for.
General information
The requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard apply to almost all teaching activities in Russia. Until 2009, a slightly different name was applied to these standards. It did not include the word "federal." State educational standards apply to educational institutions that have state accreditation. Until 2000, educational institutions had to comply with the standards for the minimum content of the level of training of graduates for each level and specialization.
History reference
1 Federal state educational standards were adopted in 1992. This happened along with the publication of the relevant Law. Article 7 was fully devoted to GEF. The federal state educational standard in its original version was adopted by the Supreme Council. In connection with the adoption of the Constitution in 1993, this Regulation was repealed. The right to introduce the Federal State Educational Standard passed to the executive bodies. The Government of the Russian Federation determined the procedure in accordance with which these standards were to be adopted. It should be noted here that the Supreme Council throughout the entire period of possession of the right to adopt standards has not yet approved them. According to Eduard Dneprov, the draft amendments to the Law substantially threw him back - towards unitarianism in pedagogy. They excluded the concept of a "national-regional component." This trend can be traced in the main curriculum, approved in 1993. By 1996, standardization of education had noticeably increased. This caused some resistance from the pedagogical community. The indignation of the teaching staff at that time was expressed in the form of strikes and protests.
First editions
In 1992, as mentioned above, a draft law was developed. The federal component of the state educational standard in accordance with it included five elements:
- The volume of the classroom load (maximum permissible).
- Requirements for the basic content of basic educational programs.
- The presence of pedagogical goals at each stage of training.
- Requirements for the level of training of children graduating from different school levels.
- Standards for the learning process.
Under the influence of adherents of the subject-methodological approach, this edition was subjected to deformation by deputies from the trade union committee from the Supreme Council. As a result, the Federal component of the state educational standard was reduced to a 3-component form:
- Mandatory minimum content of the main curricula used.
- The maximum allowable load of students.
- Requirements for the level of training of the graduate (in this case, they also meant graduating from elementary school).
As a result, from Art. 7 the following points were excluded:
- Target component.
- The requirements for the basic content of the main curricula used were replaced by a “mandatory minimum” - a standard list of subject topics.
- The concept of the limit of permissible load, which, in fact, does not equal the maximum.
- Requirements for the conditions of the educational process itself.
BO standards
The federal state educational standard of higher education is mandatory for use by almost all universities in the Russian Federation. These include those that have received state accreditation. According to the Federal Law "On Lomonosov Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University" and the Federal Law "On Education", Moscow and St. Petersburg universities, as well as universities with the category of "federal" or "national research" and other educational institutions, the list of which is approved by the Presidential Decree, have the right to develop and adopt educational standards independently at all levels of HE. Moreover, the established standards cannot be lower than the existing ones.
Goals
Federal state educational standards are designed to provide:
- The unity of the pedagogical space of the Russian Federation.
- Continuity of the main curricula at all levels of education.
- Spiritual and moral education and development.
The federal state educational standard establishes periods for general and vocational training, taking into account their various forms, pedagogical methods and technologies, as well as the characteristics of certain categories of students.
Tasks
Based on the standards contained in the Federal State Educational Standard, it is ensured:
- Organization of the educational process in institutions that implement the basic plan in accordance with the standards, regardless of their subordination and legal form.
- Planning for preliminary core training programs.
- Development of educational subjects, literature, courses, and also control and measuring material.
- Planning standards for financial support of educational activities of educational institutions. These include, in particular, those implementing the federal state educational standards.
- Monitoring and supervision of compliance with the provisions of the Law.
- Conducting intermediate and final certifications.
- Building a system for internal monitoring of the quality of education in an educational institution.
- Organization of the activities of teaching groups.
- Certification of the teaching staff and employees of the administrative system of municipal and state educational institutions.
- Organization of vocational training and retraining, as well as advanced training of specialists.
Structure
In accordance with the Federal Law of December 1, 2007, each standard includes three types of requirements:
- To the results of mastering a basic training course.
- To the conditions under which the implementation of basic curricula is underway, including financial, personnel, material and technical and others.
- To the structure of basic curricula.
As a result, HE should form professional and general cultural competencies in the student .
Application of standards in the educational process
The implementation of each federal standard by an educational institution should be carried out according to the main educational program (PLO). It includes a calendar schedule, curriculum, work schemes of subjects, disciplines, courses and other elements, as well as methodological and assessment materials.
Chronology
The 2004 federal state educational standard was the first generation standard for the general level of education. Subsequently, for each level of the educational process, its own standards were approved. So, for primary education (from 1 to 4 classes) they were adopted in 2009, for primary (5-9 classes) - in 2010. The federal state educational standard for middle management (grades 10-11) was approved in 2012. The standards for the professional level of training of the first generation were adopted in 2000. The standards of the 2nd generation were aimed at students gaining skills, abilities and knowledge. They have been approved since 2005. Third generation standards have been adopted since 2009. In accordance with them, higher education among students, as was said above, should develop professional and general cultural skills.
Vocational training standards
Until 2000, the state single standard of professional higher education was used. It was adopted by Government Decree of 1994. This standard determined:
- The structure of professional higher education and the composition of documents about it.
- General standards for the student workload and its volume.
- Basic rules for compiling a list of specialties (directions).
- Requirements for the basic educational programs of professional higher education, as well as the conditions for their application.
- The procedure for planning and approving standards for the level and minimum content of training of graduates in accordance with specific specialties (directions).
- Rules for monitoring compliance with the requirements of the state standard for professional higher education.
For each specialty (area of training), state requirements were adopted with respect to the minimum content and level of training of students.
Next Generation Standards
Since 2013, in accordance with the Law regulating pedagogical activity in the Russian Federation adopted in 2012, standards corresponding to the present must be approved. This provision applies to higher education curricula. In particular, this especially applies to the training of scientific and pedagogical staff. In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Level is provided.
Standards Development
It can be carried out in accordance with levels, professions, steps, areas of training, specialties. The standards of pedagogical activity can be replaced by new ones at least once every ten years. Federal educational standards for the general level are developed in accordance with the levels of the educational process, for the professional - in the specialties (directions). When forming the latter, the relevant provisions are taken into account. The development of Federal educational standards is carried out taking into account the promising and relevant interests of society, the individual and the country as a whole, its defense and security. At the same time, the need to develop science, culture, technology and technology, the social sphere and the economy is also taken into account. The development of GEF is carried out in the manner prescribed by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation. In particular, the work is carried out in accordance with the Regulations governing the execution of work and the provision of services for municipal or state needs. Standards for professional higher education are developing educational and methodological associations of universities in specific areas (specialties). Drafted projects are sent to the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation. It places them on the official website on the Internet for subsequent discussion. Representatives of interested executive bodies, scientific and pedagogical communities, state and public groups operating in the educational system and other associations take part in it. Next, the projects undergo an independent evaluation.
Expertise
An independent assessment of draft standards is carried out within 14 days from the date of receipt. The examination is carried out:
- Institutions for public participation in the management of education, executive bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They evaluate draft standards for the general link.
- Associations of employers and organizations that operate in relevant economic sectors. These structures evaluate projects according to standards for higher, secondary and primary vocational education.
- The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and other executive bodies in which the Law provides for military service. They carry out an examination of standards for complete general, secondary vocational education in the field that relates to the preparation of citizens for staying in the army.
In accordance with the results of an independent evaluation, a conclusion is drawn up. It is sent back to the Ministry of Science and Education. The expert opinion is signed by the head of the body or institution that conducted the assessment, or by a person authorized to do so. All projects, comments, as well as the results of the analysis are discussed by the Council of the Ministry. He decides to recommend them either for approval or for revision. Projects and other materials may be rejected. After that, the Ministry of Science and Education makes its own decision regarding one or another standard. Any changes are made in the same manner as, in fact, the adoption of standards.
Finally
The new Federal State Educational Standard in 2014 entered into force on January 1. The procedure for adopting standards is generally regulated by the Rules for their development and approval. They, in turn, are adopted at the level of the Government of the Russian Federation. New standards apply today to preschool education. They are based on several main principles. So, the Federal State Educational Standard of 2014 is aimed at:
- Supporting diversity, preserving the value and uniqueness of childhood as one of the most important stages of human development.
- The humanistic, personality-developing nature of the relationship between an adult (parent or legal representative, teacher or employee of another institution) and a child.
- Implementation of the state program in forms acceptable to children of each specific age category, primarily in the form of games, research and cognitive activities, creative activity, etc., providing artistic and aesthetic development.
- Formation of respect for the child.
The objectives of this Federal Standard are as follows:
- Raising the public status of preschool education.
- Ensuring equal opportunities for all children in obtaining a quality education.
- Preservation of the unity of the pedagogical space of the Russian Federation in this area.
- Providing state guarantees for the quality and level of preschool education on the basis of the integrity of the mandatory regulatory requirements for the implementation of curricula, their structure, as well as the results of their development.
The new federal regulation is aimed at solving the following tasks:
- Strengthening and protecting the mental and physical health of the child, his emotional well-being.
- Providing equal opportunities for adequate development in the preschool period, regardless of gender, place of residence, language, nation, social. status, psychophysiological and other features (including the presence of disabilities including).
- Combining upbringing and training into a single process, the course of which is carried out on the basis of sociocultural, moral and spiritual values, accepted rules and norms of behavior in society.
- The formation of a favorable environment for the development of the child in accordance with his individual and age-related inclinations and abilities.
- Providing psychological pedagogical support for the family, as well as raising awareness of parents or legal representatives in the field of health promotion, protection, and education of children.