The issue of civil defense defenses and their equipment is becoming increasingly relevant against the backdrop of an arms race between modern superpowers. Are there any chances of salvation if the enemy attacks using weapons of mass destruction? In this case, the only way to survive is to shelter the population in the protective structures of civil defense. The rules of operation, equipment and classification of bins are devoted to this article.
Varieties of shelters
The need to create protective structures of civil defense and their equipment is caused not only by the risk of the use of military weapons of mass destruction by the enemy army. Initially, shelters were built to protect the population during natural disasters, natural disasters (storms, tornadoes, hurricanes). The construction of special bunkers gained particular importance after the first accidents at the largest enterprises of the chemical industry and nuclear power plants.
You can find out which protective structures of civil defense are located in a specific locality on the official website of the Ministry of Emergencies of the Russian Federation. Anti-radiation bins can be:
- the simplest type;
- combined with the building (such shelters are located in basements and on the basement floors of residential and industrial buildings, workshops);
- detached, which are built as an independent infrastructure in case of emergency.
Bunkers are located in places of the greatest concentration of people - in sleeping areas, near large enterprises, schools, etc. Civil defense defenses and their equipment are also classified by construction time. Shelters are divided into those that were built in peacetime, that is, in advance, and those that had to be created in a short time, usually in anticipation of an emergency or in case of an unexpected attack by the enemy army.
What is a shelter, what is it like
Rosstandart registered the rules and regulations for the creation of protective structures for civil defense (SP 88.13330.2011). According to this normative act, a building is recognized as a shelter, characterized by the presence of indestructible walls, strong ceilings, airtight systems, filter and ventilation systems. The design can be considered a shelter in emergency situations only if it creates all the necessary conditions for people to stay for a long time (from 2-3 days to several weeks).
Doors, entrances and exits to the shelter should be no less reliable. In the event of a blockage or damage to the main exits in the shelter, emergency escape routes should be provided. In accordance with chapter II-11-77 of SNiP, protective structures of civil defense can have different capacities. Depending on the total number of seats and beds, distinguish between:
- small-capacity shelters - up to 600 places;
- medium - from 600 to 2000;
- high - such shelters can take up to 2000 people.
Being in an underground bunker will protect you not only from the debris of destroyed buildings, but also from radiation that breaks through the smallest gaps of radioactive dust, the penetration of potent volatile toxic, chemical poisons and bacteriological weapons. Due to the stable sealing in the shelter, stable temperatures are maintained, including during fires that occur in buildings located directly above it. With a properly installed ventilation filter system and sealing, the shelter is reliably protected from carbon monoxide. Outside, already cleaned air enters the bunker, which is distributed throughout the compartments, creating moderate retaining pressure in underground rooms. It serves as a natural obstacle to the seepage of contaminated air masses through backlashes and cracks.
A long stay of people in the underground bunker is possible only if it was built taking into account all the above requirements, provided with an uninterrupted power supply or a spare generator, diesel or gasoline substation, water supply, sewage, heating system and other sanitary devices.
If a shelter is being built in ordinary rather than emergency conditions, without strict time limits, you should also think about providing shelter with radio and telephone communications, as well as supplies of basic medicines and food.
In turn, only the correct organization of air supply is able to guarantee the necessary amount of air for people under the ground, set a comfortable temperature regime in the room, and provide the desired level of humidity and gas composition. In modern shelters, two ventilation schemes are provided:
- clean - means cleaning the outside air from dust;
- filtering ventilation - air coming from outside passes through special absorbing filters, is cleaned of various toxic compounds.
If the shelter is located in a place with a high degree of fire danger (for example, at an oil refinery) or near a center of probable chemical gas contamination, an isolation and regeneration regime is recommended, which assumes the restoration of the gas composition inside the shelter, similar to the submarine air supply system.
Shelter Supply
In the event of an emergency, it is difficult to predict how much time will have to spend in the shelter, so the internal equipment of the protective structures has the same significance as the technical characteristics of the shelter.
It is known that in the absence of drinking water a person will be able to live no more than three days, so the water supply system is the first thing to take care of. People hiding underground must be provided with a minimum volume of water for drinking and hygiene. In the event of an emergency failure in the water supply system, it should also be possible to store water at a rate of at least 2 liters per day for one person or find a source of drinking. If it is impossible to install stationary tanks of large volume, portable containers (barrels, cans, etc.) are used.
Engineering equipment of protective structures involves the installation of a sewage system. In this case, the bathroom is located in the area of the room, isolated from the main compartments by special partitions. You also need to install a hood.
Power supply is the most important element for supplying uninterrupted power to the engines of the air, water, sewer, lighting systems. If the city (industrial) power grid is damaged, a diesel or gasoline generator of the appropriate power is connected. In the absence of an autonomous substation, household batteries, lights, candles, etc. can be used.
In the event of a natural disaster, a man-made disaster, or radiation damage, the shelter is provided with foodstuffs, which should be enough for at least two days for every shelter. According to SNiP, the following conditions must be observed in protective structures of civil defense:
- carbon dioxide concentration of not more than 1%;
- humidity not higher than 70%;
- temperature no more than 23 ° .
In compartments where people are temporarily staying, two-tier or three-tier bunks should be installed. The lower benches are suitable for sitting, the upper ones are lying places. The latter should be at least one fifth of the total fund with a two-tier allocation scheme and at least a third with a three-tier one.
An emergency exit from a shelter is a tunnel leading to a territory that under no circumstances will be littered with debris of buildings and industrial facilities. The exit from the shelter is equipped with protective shutters, providing maximum tightness.
Any shelter is indicated by special signs, the size of which must be at least 0.5 x 0.6 m. The inscriptions are placed in a conspicuous place at the entrance, while the route signs to the shelter are also indicated with special signs (arrows). Arrows are painted white. Next to the inscription "SAFETY" information about the person in charge, his location, contact phone number are indicated.
Prefabricated protective structures
Shelters of this type are built in cities and industrial facilities in the absence of a sufficient number of bunkers. Civil defense defenses and their equipment occur in a short time (up to 1 month). During construction, reinforced concrete prefabricated structures or high-quality timber are used. The capacity of prefabricated shelters generally does not exceed 200 people.
The layout of this type of shelter does not differ fundamentally from shelters built in advance. The room is also divided into compartments for temporary stay, a bathroom, a zone for placing water supplies, food and filter and ventilation equipment. Civil defense structures and their supply depends on capacity. In such shelters, water tanks are installed in the same compartments where people are located.
The internal equipment of shelters also involves the installation of air supply, sand, slag, fabric filters, air intake and exhaust openings, basic lighting devices and places for sitting, lying down.
Radiation Damage Refuge
Anti- radiation shelters are built primarily to protect against radioactive effects in small towns and villages. Most of the bunkers are built in peacetime, while others are created or equipped only in anticipation of the risks and threats of using weapons of mass destruction. Build a switchgear is carried out from industrial reinforced concrete blocks, reinforcement, bricks, stone and local building materials.
Civil defense anti-radiation protective structures are being constructed according to SNiP. As a rule, they are equipped in the cellars of apartment buildings, on the basement floors and places of economic use - cellars of private households and vegetable stores. Such shelters can protect not only from radioactive radiation, but also to protect against accidents at chemical enterprises, natural disasters. Anti-radiation shelters are equipped in crowded places.
In large shelters of this type, two entrances are equipped. If the capacity of the shelter is not more than 50 people, the creation of one exit is allowed. Conventional metal doors are installed in the openings, but at the same time they are surely sealed and sealed at the junction of the canvas.
For one person, the same floor area norm is adopted as in a conventional shelter - it is 0.5 sq. M. m. with a two-tier layout of seating and lying places. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the radiation protection shelter is the equipment of a separate room for storing clothes contaminated with radiation dust.
The Code of Civil Defense Protective Structures (SP 88.13330.2011) provides for the provision of air through natural or mechanical ventilation. In the first case, the exchange of air masses occurs through the intake shafts of the exhaust shafts. The recesses for supply air are made in the lower part of the room, and the exhaust holes in the upper.
Water supply is provided from the water supply network, and in its absence, capacity is established for the supply of drinking water based on the daily rate for each person. As for lighting, electricity is supplied from the general network, and in an emergency, from batteries, generators, and flashlights.
Often, basement and basement rooms are used as anti-radiation shelter, in which work was carried out to increase the protective properties. Any cellar that meets the requirements of SNiP for sealing and ventilation will become suitable for shelter in case of the use of atomic weapons.
To increase the reliability of the civil defense defensive structure, equipment and its supply are adapted for anti-radiation shelters, equip with wall-mounted brick or stone screens, and bagged with soil or sand at the external walls of the aerial part of the bunker to a height of at least 1.7 m from the ground.
The simplest shelters to protect the population
According to the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, civil defense structures are recognized objects whose status is confirmed in the corresponding passport. The simplest in equipment and operation are cracks, trenches, trenches, dugouts, dugouts, etc. Such shelters are built with minimal construction materials in a short time.
So, for example, the gap can be of two types - open and closed. This is a kind of ditch, the depth of which can reach 2 m and a width of 1.2 m. Slots are created for emergency shelter of no more than 40 people. For each shelter relies 0.5 square meters. m. In a similar way, dugouts and dugouts are created, in which the overlapping material (reinforced concrete slabs, beams, beams, logs) can differ. A layer of soft clay, glassine, ruberoid, or other waterproofing material is laid on top of the floor.
How to properly operate shelters
The use of protective structures, including anti-radiation shelters, is regulated by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The document establishes the procedure for creating shelters and other civil defense facilities, and also determines the criteria by which these objects can be attributed to the corresponding category.
Shelters created on the basis of the enterprise are intended primarily to protect workers of the largest shift. Shelters are mandatory for that part of the city where the probability of destruction is maximum. In peacetime, during emergencies, mobilization, and with martial law established in the country, the administration of the enterprise is duly responsible for the maintenance of civil defense defenses.
Anti-radiation bunkers are built to protect civilians outside the zone of potential destruction and engaged in labor activities during the mobilization period. In this type of shelter people who are evacuated from settlements, areas of probable destruction of organizations that belong to the category of special significance and areas of possible flooding can find shelter. The officials responsible for the organization of the careful maintenance of the underground shelter, monitoring the functioning and reliability of the life support systems of structures, are approved by the head by issuing an order.
Civil defense defenses during the stay of people in them are under the control of contingencies for servicing compartments and the structure as a whole. Shelter service groups are provided with the necessary materials and equipment, including personal protective equipment, devices for monitoring radiation and chemical fields, medical instruments and medicines, communication equipment, etc. Responsible persons have the right to declare an inventory of civil defense defenses , the results of which will be able to demonstrate the actual availability of shelters.
As a rule, shelters are on the balance of the industrial facility or institution in whose territory they are located. The safety officers and civil servants should familiarize themselves with the rules for operating protective structures of civil defense of subordinates. The duties of this official, ensuring the readiness of structures to receive shelter, include:
- control over the repair and replacement of individual compartments and equipment;
- organization of timely maintenance, effective operation of premises for the needs of the institution in peacetime under the provisions of the project;
- training of personnel responsible for servicing the shelter, and training of workers in the rules for using underground structures in emergency situations.
Shelter filling procedure
Modern civil defense defenses are populated by alarms. In the event of a surprise attack by the enemy army, an overflow of the shelter is allowed, but no more than twice its official capacity. If we are talking about anti-radiation shelters, then people are launched inside with personal protective equipment, especially when confirming an increased concentration of chemicals in the atmosphere.
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- comply with established rules of conduct, comply with all orders of the protective structures maintenance team;
- monitor cleanliness and maintain order in underground rooms;
- Have ready-made personal protective equipment
- participate in activities related to the uninterrupted supply of air to the shelter (for example, the use of a hand fan);
- assist the asylum maintenance team, participate in the liquidation of the accident and repair damage to utility networks;
- to clean the compartments according to the schedule drawn up by the senior groups.
The operation of protective structures of civil defense requires compliance with a whole set of safety rules. So, for example, it is forbidden to enter the storage of filtering and ventilation equipment, to enter the premises of a diesel power substation. Persons who are sheltering from danger underground should not be touched by electric choppers or touch compressed air cylinders. Also, unauthorized opening of overpressure valves, pipe fittings of the water supply and sewage systems is not allowed.
When in the territory of the shelter under the strict prohibition of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. Those responsible for the maintenance and maintenance of shelters should ensure that pets, flammable substances, chemical poisons, bulky objects are not carried inside. Talking loudly and making noise while in the shelter compartments is undesirable. Without warning the responsible group, it is not recommended to walk around the construction site unnecessarily, open doors or leave the shelter.
The use of radios, tape recorders and other radio equipment should be agreed with the bunker service commander. For the use of open fire sources, it is also necessary to obtain the approval of the responsible person. Senior asylum service teams are required to instruct people hiding in the protective structure and, if necessary, conduct explanatory individual interviews. Attendants must promptly inform those present about changes in the situation outside the protective structure of the civil defense. The attendance is also kept by senior managers. New arrivals are handed out in advance prepared memos and leaflets containing instructions and recommendations for the operation of the shelter.
How to keep your emergency shelter alert
In peacetime, shelters also need preventative maintenance. In order to provide the population with effective defenses, it is extremely important to maintain and maintain the existing civil defense fund. For this purpose, property and equipment of protective structures are periodically marked.
Despite the availability of facilities for shelter, the process of developing the underground space of a settlement should be ongoing. In order to place additional facilities for social and industrial purposes:
- retrofit existing basements, areas of ground structures, as well as subways;
- adapt the surface of mine workings, mountain caves and other natural cavities to protect the population;
- erect in-depth facilities for household purposes in potentially hazardous industries;
- carry out the necessary preparatory measures for the unscheduled construction of the missing shelters of the simplest type, equipped according to a simplified scheme.
If there is a threat of using radioactive weapons during the war, the Ministry of Emergencies has the right to announce an inventory of protective structures of civil defense, according to which all the indicators of the shelters should be brought into full compliance with the norms and rules for the design of engineering structures.
The civilian population can voluntarily build asylum independently on the basis of private property or cooperative ownership. The underground shelter fund for workers in hazardous industrial enterprises should be within walking distance from workshops, departments, factories, and for the rest of the population in residential areas. Protective structures are located within the radius of access of the population in need of shelter.
If protective structures are located on the territory of mine workings with existing industrial facilities, the service and the process of refurbishing shelters should in no way impede the implementation of production activities in peacetime.
Taking into account the recommendations and regulatory provisions, protective rooms can be arranged in areas of extended mining, adit, drift. Shelter is allowed to organize in the subway. In this case, people are placed not only on subway platforms and trains, but also in dead ends, connecting branches, distillation tunnels.
In order to build up a fund of protective structures, the regional department of emergency situations can issue an order to study and inventory the structures of the underground space of a settlement in order to assess the possibility of their conversion and the provision of appropriate status. If such premises are found, projects and programs are developed to equip the selected facility, if not, they continue to work on the underground space of the settlement or erect new structures to support the population in extremely dangerous situations.
The set of rules governing the use and maintenance of protective shelters established that such premises can be transferred to commercial enterprises and non-profit organizations that will be responsible for their condition in peacetime. By decision and consent of local authorities, an agreement is concluded on the provision for use of the Civil Code of the Civil Defense for national economic purposes. At the same time, this person assumes responsibility for the maintenance of the shelter and undertakes to ensure his willingness to perform the functions as intended.