The verb is one of the most important parts of the speech of the Russian language, for the study of which a huge amount of time is allocated in the school curriculum. And this is understandable, because the topic is actually quite voluminous. During its study, children are explained how to determine the form, type and meaning of a particular word in a sentence, as well as how to parse verbs as parts of speech. The Russian language course assumes familiarity with this section after all the nominal parts. And this is not done at all by chance, because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, the verb has the form of conjugation, which means that the morphological characteristics of this part of speech are fundamentally different from other words and word forms.
Word as part of speech: verb
The definition of a verb given in school textbooks sounds something like this: this is the part of speech that answers questions denoting an action and can be expressed in a condition (to be sick), a property (to stutter), a sign (to get dark) and in relation to (jealous). The initial form of the verb, which answers the questions “what to do” and “what to do,” is called the infinitive, or the indefinite form, which in the sentence can be any of its members.
For example: to understand (subject) means to feel; to be (predicate) rain; friends asked him to sing (addition); she went for a walk (circumstance).
The topic of the section on how to parse verbs as part of speech, children begin to learn in grade 4, and in subsequent years come back to it repeatedly. However, before proceeding directly to the analysis of a verb, its attributes should be studied. This is what will be discussed later.
Permanent Verb Attributes
One of the important features of this part of speech is that all words related to it can have constant and non-permanent signs, the study of which is necessary in order to parse the verb as part of the speech. The first include:
- Belonging to the species. If the process or action described by the verb is completed at the moment, or it is indicated that it will be such, this is the perfect form. For example: I left, came, I’ll write, I’ll read, I’ll say . And if the word does not imply completeness, then this is an imperfect form of the verb. For example: I live, painted, write.
- Transition and Intransition. The differences between these grammatical signs are the presence of a preposition when using a verb with a pronoun or noun. Transitive verbs can be used without pretexts with nominative parts of speech in the accusative, and in case of negation - in the genitive case. And with intransitive forms, the presence of a preposition for the connection of words is a prerequisite. For example: I read a letter, did not read an article, built a house, weaned from home, sympathized with a friend, cherished time.
- Returnability. Defining this attribute is quite simple, as a rule, all verbs of this type end in -s or -s. It is worth noting that this characteristic indicates that the verb is intransitive. For example: laughing at a sister, dissolved in water, stick to a diet .
- Conjugation is one of the most important characteristics that participates in the formation of words and consists in changing verbs by numbers and persons. A lot of time is devoted to studying and consolidating this topic in the Russian language school course, and the quality of spelling depends on the ability to correctly determine the conjugation of a verb. However, you can write the whole topic in one small compendium. So, the first conjugation includes all verbs with the endings -you, -em, -et, -ete, -ut, -yut , and the second with the endings with -it, -it, -it, -it, -at, -yat . To determine conjugation, the verb should be changed by persons and follow the change in ending.
Irregular verb tenses
The characteristics of these attributes are contained in their name, and it is also very important to study them before disassembling verbs as parts of speech. These include the following factors that affect word formation:
- Mood. The form of this feature indicates the relationship of the action to real time. There are three forms of mood: indicative (the action is happening now), conditional (the action is only desired) and imperative (the action is possible with certain events).
- Time and number. In Russian there is a past, present and future tense of verbs. As a rule, there are no difficulties with the definition of this grammatical sign, as well as with the definition of the plural or singular.
- Rod Like all significant parts of speech, verbs can vary by gender, depending on the word that identifies the person with whom the action is associated.
How to parse verbs as parts of speech
It is the above features that should be indicated in the morphological analysis of the verb, the plan of which looks like this:
- Indicate the name of the part of speech.
- Define the initial form.
- Indicate the permanent signs of the verb as part of speech: type, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation.
- Indicate inconsistent signs: mood, time, face and gender (if any), as well as a number.
- Parse the sentence in which the verb is used, and determine its function, that is, indicate which member it is.
Examples of parsing a verb as part of speech
To consolidate the studied material (morphological features and signs of the verb), the school curriculum provides for numerous analyzes of this part of speech according to the scheme described above. With this technique, children are taught to systematize knowledge and apply it correctly, repeating again and again in a concrete analysis all the signs of a particular part of speech.
As an example, consider this phrase: "The sun shines brightly in the sky."
- Shines - a verb.
- The initial form is to shine.
- The imperfective verb, irrevocable, transitive, is used in the second conjugation.
- The sun is shining - the action takes place in the present tense, which means it is an indicative form of the verb, which is used in the singular, in the third person and in the middle gender.
- On - an excuse, heaven - a circumstance, brightly - a circumstance, shining - a predicate, the sun - a subject.
Parsing a verb by composition
No less important is the theme: "Morphemic parsing of the word." What does this mean and how to parse a word by composition? The verb, like all words, has a main part, on the basis of which other forms are formed. It is this part without endings, which, when designating, is enclosed in a rectangle, is called the basis and is central to the definition of lexical meaning. When parsing, it is indicated by a square bracket under the word.
Following the basis, a suffix is distinguished - a morpheme that participates in the form and word formation of cognates. On the letter is indicated by the angle with the top pointing up.
Verbs in the indicative and conditional mood of the past tense are characterized by a zero suffix or -l-. For example: read - would read , carried - would carry .
An indefinite form is formed using the suffixes -ty- and -ty-, but in the school curriculum these morphemes are considered as endings. For example: slept - to sleep and saved - to save .
The prefix is one of the important parts of the word, which stands at the beginning and participates in the formation of new word forms. Schematically indicated by the inverted letter G.
The root is an obligatory and fundamental part, it contains a lexical meaning and a component uniting for all cognate words. There is not a single independent lexical unit in which this morpheme would not exist, while without the other elements they are quite normally used. The root of the letter is denoted by an arc.
Rules for Morpheme Parse
The question of how to parse a verb in composition is of interest to many students. You can talk a lot about this, but it is better to show in practice. But to begin with, it should be noted that the infinitive and the verbs of the singular masculine used in the past tense and conditional mood have no ending. Also, these verbs do not have a suffix.
Morphemic analysis of verbs, as well as other words, is carried out according to this scheme:
- Definition of a part of speech.
- Highlighting the ending with an explanation of its meaning.
- Selection of root words and definition of the root.
- Highlighting the prefix and suffix.
- Definition of the basis of the word in which the lexical meaning is enclosed.
Sort verbs by composition
To consolidate the material, it is necessary to parse a few words according to the composition according to this example: suffers - the initial form is to suffer . This is an imperfect form of the verb with the ending -et , which indicates the present, third person, singular. The basis of the word is suffering , suffix is a -. Gang words: suffering, suffering, suffering . The root is suffering, with the possible replacement of the letter “d” with “g”. This word has no prefix.