Urinalysis is an inexpensive but high-quality diagnosis that indicates pathological changes in the kidneys, immune system and other organs. Almost all disturbances in the body are reflected in this biomaterial. How to collect urine for analysis, so that the result is correct and reflects the real state of health? Learn the advice of biochemists.
general information
Urine, or urine (lat. Urina), is a biological fluid that contains metabolic products excreted by the kidneys. Its function is to excrete toxins, hormones, salts, cellular elements and other substances unnecessary for life.
The study of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of urine allows you to evaluate the work:
- urinary tract and kidney;
- endocrine glands;
- of cardio-vascular system.
In addition, the diagnosis of the material confirms / excludes the presence of inflammatory processes in the body and determines the state of metabolism. At the initial visit to doctors, as a rule, a urinalysis is prescribed without fail, and not only as a control during the treatment process, but also as a preventive measure.
Alarming symptoms
Urgently need to see a therapist if there is pain, burning or difficulty urinating.
The presence of infections, kidney damage and problems with the outflow of urine caused by the formation of stones, tumors, prostate hypertrophy are indicated by the following manifestations:
- back pain after waking up;
- foamy consistency of urine;
- discomfort in the suprapubic region and lower abdomen;
- leucorrhoea in women;
- exhaustion and overwork.
Types of urine diagnosis
How to properly collect urine for analysis depends on the type of study of the biomaterial. The following methods are practiced:
- General clinical assessment of urine. It is prescribed for various diseases and for prophylactic purposes. Odor, color, transparency, acidity, specific gravity, density, presence of bacteria, protein, cellular glucose inclusions, etc. are monitored.
- Sample Zimnitsky. It is prescribed for toxicosis, renal failure, diabetes mellitus and pyelonephritis. The density and amount of the daily dose of urine collected in separate containers every three hours is examined.
- Bacteriological culture of urine. It allows to identify the causative agents of urinary tract infections with the subsequent installation of the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria to antibacterial drugs.
- Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko. How to assemble? The study is similar to general analysis. It is necessary to make a fence of an average portion of morning urine. The number of red blood cells, white blood cells and salts in 1 ml is estimated. Thus, the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.
- Amburge urine analysis. It is important for identifying the uniform components of blood in urine, accumulated over three hours.
- Biochemical analysis. The amount of protein, urea, glucose, sodium, magnesium, potassium, creatinine and other substances is determined in the biomaterial.
- Daily biochemical study.
How to collect a general urine test?
Regardless of gender and age, the following points must be observed when collecting biomaterial:
- Use morning urine, which has accumulated overnight.
- Be sure to carry out hygiene of the external genitalia with soap and water.
- Use disposable, industrial-made sterile containers that can be purchased at drugstores.
- Keep material for research no more than two hours.
- Take an average portion of urine. To do this, you first need to urinate a little, then substitute the container and collect 100-150 ml of liquid and release the rest into the toilet again.
Invalid actions
How to collect urine for analysis so that the result is as correct as possible? Significantly distort biomaterial performance can:
- use of a non-sterile bioassay container;
- long-term storage of urine (even in the refrigerator) and a fence in the evening;
- analysis during menstruation, if there is an urgent need for a study, a woman should use a swab;
- preliminary administration of diuretics;
- touching the inner surface of the container for research material with your hands or skin;
- surrender of urine immediately after the cystoscopy procedure.
Preparation for biomaterial sampling
How to collect urine for analysis in order to get genuine results? During the day before the delivery of urine, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- avoid the use of products that stain urine, such as beets, blueberries, currants and other berries;
- exclude alcohol, including beer, which helps to eliminate fluid from the body;
- do not take vitamins and dietary supplements, which also change the color of the biomaterial, in turn, ascorbic acid overestimates the level of glucose;
- Do not go to the sauna or bath;
- refuse from increased physical exertion, for example, in the gym;
- refrain from using natural diuretics such as coffee, watermelon, tea.
The Importance of Hygiene Procedures
How to collect a general urine test? A woman is preparing for the fence of urine, making a toilet of the genitals. It is necessary to wash with soap. The stream of water should be directed from the pubis, along the perineum - towards the anus.
This is an important rule that must be observed not only when submitting material for research, but also daily, as well as to teach girls from childhood. It is this sequence of hygienic procedures that excludes the entry of intestinal infections into the genitourinary organs, which is fraught with various diseases.
Often you can see recommendations for additional application of a weak solution of potassium permanganate, "Furacilin" or other antiseptics to the genitals. It is strictly forbidden to give urine for bacteriological sowing, because the picture of the microflora will be distorted.
When urinating, it is necessary to cover the vagina with a cotton pad, a piece of bandage or a gauze cut. This action will protect the material from getting secretions from the genitals containing protein.
How to collect pregnant urine for analysis? All the above rules for women must be observed. During the period of carrying the baby, a general analysis of the biomaterial is given once a month and twice as sowing when registering and immediately before birth.
A man must also perform appropriate hygiene in order to properly collect urine for analysis. As soon as he is ready to urinate, it is necessary to wash the penis with soap and water, pushing the foreskin.
The peculiarity of urine collection in newborns and young children
Parents can choose one of the methods of taking biomaterial for research:
- The urinal is pediatric. Especially for such purposes, a disposable sterile pouch is sold in the pharmacy. It is made of transparent polyethylene, has a marking on the surface and an adhesive edge for fixing the device on the skin around the genitals. The instructions detail how to use the urinal for girls and boys, given the anatomical features.
- New plastic bag. Often used for infants. Around the legs of the child wrap a bag, tie the edges. When the child urinates, the urine is moved to the bottom of the plastic container, the corner is cut off and poured into a container.
- Steam sterilized bowl. The baby can urinate over the bowl, with which then the liquid is drained into the container.
Moms often ask pediatricians how to properly collect a urine test from a child. First of all, perineal hygiene should be carried out. In order to provoke urination in the baby, you can open the tap with water or press a finger on the pubis, where the bottom of the bladder is. Such actions cause a corresponding reflex. It is important to deliver biomaterial within an hour after collection.
Prohibited:
- use urine from diapers, from diapers;
- drain from pots.
This helps to filter urine; it will contain fibers and bacteria that are not inherent to it.
Daily urine collection
A feature of this study is the preparation of a sterile container with a volume of about two liters, with a tight lid. It is necessary to stick a label on the walls of the container, where to indicate the full name the patient, as well as the date, time of first and last urination in 24 hours.
How to collect daily urine for analysis? The algorithm is as follows:
- The first time you need to urinate in the toilet and write down the time on the label, that is, fix exactly when there was an empty bladder.
- Further, urine is collected in a container that is stored in the refrigerator.
- 24 hours after the first mark on the label, pass the biomaterial one last time and record the time again.
- It is important to collect all the fluid without missing a single urination.
- The container placed in a plastic bag should be sent to the laboratory for research.
This technique allows you to estimate how much urine is released per day and what is its concentration. Assign a study in such cases:
- hypertonic disease;
- diagnosis of diabetes insipidus;
- with symptoms of renal failure;
- inflammatory processes in the kidneys.
How to collect urinalysis according to Zimnitsky? It is necessary to prepare 8 sterile containers for bioassay. The first portion of the liquid immediately after sleep is not collected - it goes down the toilet. Time is recorded as the start of the fence. Then every three hours, separate containers are filled, which are stored in the refrigerator. After the last urination, all eight jars must be returned to the laboratory for diagnosis as soon as possible.
Summary
The reliability of the results of urine analysis largely depends on compliance with the rules for the collection of biomaterial. Simple recommendations come down to simple points - genital hygiene, using a sterile container and observing the time period of the study.