Urinalysis provides information about the condition of the whole organism and each organ individually. So the early stage of the disease is detected, and the diagnosis is also clarified. For timely and effective treatment, you need to know how urine biochemistry is carried out correctly. In addition, knowledge of the interpretation of its indicators will be required. This may be necessary for the patient himself. But basically the decryption is needed by the attending physician.
What are the rules for urine collection?
Most often, daily urine biochemistry is performed - that is, urine collected in the morning on an empty stomach is analyzed.
One day before the study, alcoholic beverages from the diet, fatty foods, spicy and sweet dishes are completely excluded. Food that can stain urine is not recommended. These include asparagus, beets, blueberries, rhubarb. It is permissible to use the liquid in the same quantities.
Exclude drugs
Uroseptics and antibiotics are discontinued a day before urine is tested. If the patient is taking any vitamin complexes or any other medications, then the doctor should be informed about this. Then it will be possible to more accurately decipher the results. Indicators can change under the influence of certain means, you need to know about this. The diagnosis as a result will be incorrect, subsequent treatment will also be ineffective.
About Intimate Hygiene
Urine biochemistry is not performed during menstruation in women. But if it is still necessary, then you need to use a tampon.
Intimate hygiene must be observed before giving urine. It is better not to use antibacterial and disinfectant drugs, but use ordinary soap and warm water. It will also contribute to correct decryption results. Biochemistry of blood and urine is always carried out together.
You must use a special disposable container for collecting urine. It can be bought at any pharmacy. So you can avoid unnecessary searches for clean containers. But in the absence of the ability to buy anything, an ordinary small glass jar is suitable. It must be thoroughly washed with soda and hot water, then rinsed with boiling water. The container should be tightly closed.
Then the urine biochemistry will be informative. How to assemble it correctly?
Robert's test involves collecting urine throughout the day. The time of the first collection is noted, the last is carried out after 24 hours.
Store urine before handing it over in a dark room, it should be cool there.
Urine biochemistry - transcript
Decryption of urine analysis is determined by the following indicators:
- The amount of urine excreted per day. So determine kidney disease or heavy metal poisoning.
- The consistency of a fluid, indicating that there are pathologies in the excretory system.
- The presence of potassium, which determines hormonal disruptions.
- The quantitative content of chlorine, calcium and sodium, by which it is possible to detect metabolic disorders in the body, diabetes, and kidney disease.
- The presence of protein as evidence of inflammation.
- The presence of uric acid - this means that the activity of the joints is impaired, for example, there is gout or arthrosis.
- A sharp fluctuation in the level of cholinesterase, indicating that the liver can not cope with its functions.
Only the doctor can correctly decrypt the analysis and determine the probable diseases in the future. What can influence the result? It completely depends not only on the content of certain substances in the material provided for the study, but also on gender, age, current condition and preliminary analysis. Urine biochemistry is very informative.
Main characteristics
The patient himself can, using some indicators in the analysis, determine whether he needs treatment or not. We give these indicators below.
- Determination of the amylase enzyme that the pancreas produces salivary glands. It is excreted by the kidneys. With this indicator, a protein substance is broken down. Its norm in urine is 10-1240 units / l. If the level is greatly exceeded, then the functions of the pancreas can be impaired, as well as the parotid salivary glands have certain problems.
- Total protein in urine. Using this analysis, the presence of all available proteins in the body is determined. A value of 0-0.033 g / l is considered normal. If there is more, then this may indicate allergic reactions, chronic infections in the urinary ducts, kidneys, reproductive system, autoimmune diseases, myeloma, and diabetes mellitus.
- When determining the level of glucose, it is revealed how correctly the metabolism of carbohydrates is carried out. The norm in the urine of glucose is 0.03-0.05 g / l. With diabetes and kidney disease, the level can increase to one degree or another.
- The optimal indicator of uric acid is 0.4-1.0 g per day, there may be gout or other joint diseases with an increase in this indicator.
Urea
What else does urinalysis for biochemistry reveal?
It is necessary to determine not only general indicators, but also additional ones. They can also tell a lot about the presence of the disease in humans, and it is so easy to identify even the early stage of the disease. The effectiveness of therapy depends on this.
As a result of protein metabolism, urea is formed in the body. Normally, it should be no more than 333-586 mmol per day. But with a high concentration of this indicator, proteins most likely break down in the body. This happens during fasting or due to the use of glucocorticoids. A low level of urea suggests that there is acute and chronic kidney failure and there is a violation of the liver.
Therefore, urine biochemistry is performed. The rate depends on the age of the patient. About it further.
Creatinine and microalbumin
When creatine phosphate breaks down, creatinine is released. It is directly involved in the functions of muscle tissue. Kidney filtration is impaired with a reduced level of this substance in the urine. A person develops glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis.
The plasma protein microalbumin, which leaves the body with urine, also has an informative value. Normally, in the urine it should be 3.0-4.24 mmol per day. If this indicator is exceeded, this indicates that the kidneys are working with violations. It can be affected by diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the early stages.
Other components
Phosphorus is an essential substance that forms bone tissue and most cells. Its norm in urine is 0.4-1.4 g per day. If there are deviations from these indicators in one direction or another, kidney activity is most likely impaired, there are problems with bone tissue.
Potassium is another important element, age and diet affect its content in the urine. When urine biochemistry is performed in children, a lower amount of potassium is detected than in an adult. Before the analysis, the doctor needs to talk about his diet and daily routine. The normal rate will be 38.3-81.7 mmol per day. If there are deviations, then the work of the adrenal glands and kidneys is disrupted, and there is also intoxication of the body.
The role of magnesium in the body is great. It is involved in the structure of cells and the activation of enzymes. 3.0-4.24 mmol per day is the norm. The nervous, cardiovascular and urinary systems suffer from deviations from the optimal level.
Sodium should normally be present in urine in an amount of 100 to 255 mmol per day. Age, sodium intake and water balance affect sodium levels. A decrease or increase occurs in diabetes mellitus, diseases of the kidneys and adrenal glands, traumatic brain injury.
Urine biochemistry can also determine the level of calcium in the body. This is the main building block for bone tissue. It takes part in muscle work and joint functions. It is responsible for the secretion of hormones and blood coagulation. The following diseases are associated with an increase in calcium in the urine: myeloma, acromegaly, osteoparosis, hyperparathyroidism. Malignant diseases of bone tissue, rickets, nephrosis lead to a decrease in its level.
Urine color
The color of urine can indicate the presence of diseases. Dark yellow happens when dehydrated. Colorless urine in patients with diabetes mellitus, with pathology of the kidneys. Black color occurs with melanoma. Urine may also be red. It happens with the following diseases:
- glomerulonephritis;
- the appearance of kidney stones;
- oncology of the bladder or kidney;
- hemoglobinuria;
- hemophilia;
- bruises of the lumbar or genital organs.
Dark urine occurs with diseases:
- increasing the number of urochromates that give a dark color as a result of dehydration;
- intake of quinine, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin and metronidazole;
- additional or enhanced intake of vitamins C and B;
- gallstone disease complicated by hepatitis;
- exceeding the normal number of red blood cells;
- poisoning with mercury vapor;
- tyrosinemia;
- urinary tract infection;
- bladder cancer;
- calculi in the gallbladder;
- kidney diseases, including kidney stones and cancers;
- hemochromatosis due to excess iron;
- polycystic;
- cancer of the liver and pancreas;
- vasculitis;
- alcoholic and viral hepatitis;
- glomerulonephritis;
- bile duct cancer;
- Goodpasture syndrome;
- dietary factors;
- schistosomiasis.