For any area of human activity, the legislation imposes certain hygiene requirements. For example, in the context of educational programs, one SanPiN (sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations) is applied, and another is applied to the production of clothes and shoes. This article is devoted to a detailed description of the system of hygiene requirements established by the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.
The role of hygiene standards
Children spend most of their lives in educational institutions. To ensure a comfortable and effective learning process, they must provide safe sanitary conditions.
For the full physiological and psychological development of each child, the educational environment is important. This concept should be understood as a set of elements that ensure the life of a general educational institution, including technical and material resources, the construction of the educational process, the organization of school meals, medical services, etc.
Hygienic requirements for the operation of educational institutions are established by state standards. SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 regulates not only the principles of material and technical equipment of the school, but also determines the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs. First of all, attention is paid to the architectural and planning decisions of the building, engineering systems and lighting, which make up the microclimate, as well as the arrangement of water supply and sewage.
Another category of sanitary standards includes the rules for arranging study places, recommendations for choosing furniture, educational materials, school bags and replaceable shoes. In the room where the educational process is carried out, sanitary and hygienic requirements apply when working with a computer and other teaching aids.
The administration of the educational institution is responsible for observing the rules of catering and medical support, fulfilling other requirements of the sanitary and epidemiological station, which are mandatory for the normal growth and development of students in a safe and comfortable environment.
Where should the school building be located
The premises of general educational institutions are recommended to be located remotely from the roadway with stable traffic at a distance of at least 170 m.The optimal territory for accommodating a general educational institution, in accordance with SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10, is the intra-quarter section of the microdistrict.
The specified document sets the recommended radius of public services. For institutions located in residential urban areas, this figure is 750 m. For educational institutions with increased load (lyceums and gymnasiums) this requirement does not apply. In rural areas, the most remote school service point may be 4 km away. At the same time, for students who live more than 1 km away, the local administration is obliged to take care and arrange transport services.
Garages and parking lots are not allowed to be attached to the school building, and sites equipped with garbage containers should be no closer than 20 m. When building and zoning the premises, the orientation of the windows must be taken into account. For example, according to sanitary standards, primary school classrooms can have access to any side of the horizon, except the north.
General requirements for the premises of an educational institution
The first thing you should pay attention to is capacity. In city schools, it should not exceed 1,000 students, in rural schools - 500. Moreover, in each class, the recommended number of students is 25. Hygienic requirements for the premises involve zoning into classes and classrooms based on the calculation of at least 2.5 m 2 per student. The main principles of the structure of the school building are:
- ensuring the maximum separation of the school population in age groups;
- dividing the room into several blocks and delimiting classrooms and classes from school-wide spaces (foyer, sports and assembly halls, dining room, administrative sector);
- the proximity of classrooms to sanitary facilities and recreational facilities;
- the possibility of isolation of certain groups in the event of a focus of infectious diseases.
The system of hygiene requirements is aimed at ensuring the organization of regular cleaning and disinfection of premises. School walls should be smooth. As finishing materials, the use of safe and waterproof coatings is allowed. Hygienic requirements of SanPiN give recommendations for choosing the color of paint for walls. For example, for cabinets that face the north-east or north-west sides, it is advisable to use finishing materials in warm colors (beige, pale pink, pale yellow), and for southern audiences - paint in cold shades (pale blue, pale green). Gym walls are recommended to be painted in bright colors.
Hygienic requirements apply to the flooring in the school. Floors should not be slippery, have cracks and defects. It is allowed to use a board or parquet flooring, synthetic linoleum as a surface material for the floor. Places for sanitary-hygienic procedures must be lined with ceramic or mosaic tiles.
Air heat
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of school premises depend on the type of glazing, the orientation of the windows, the number of heating devices, and the availability of ventilation. The optimum temperature in the classes should be between 21-22 ° C, and in the gym - at the level of 15-17 ° C. A suitable level of relative humidity in the room is 40-60%.
As heating devices, radiators or tubular heating structures are used. The maximum temperature of their surface is 80 ° C. To prevent burn injuries to students, heating systems are fenced with removable grilles.
In addition to heating, the arrangement of exhaust ventilation is no less significant. The school administration is responsible for cleaning the ventilation duct at least twice a year. To ensure natural ventilation, the windows of the building are equipped with transoms and windows, which should function at any time of the year. The system of hygienic requirements according to GEF provides for the need for mandatory ventilation of classrooms and classrooms during breaks. Before the start of lessons and after classes, in the complete absence of students, through ventilation is carried out, the duration of which depends on weather conditions.
What kind of water can I drink at school
Schools are equipped with water supply systems for drinking and fire fighting purposes. At the same time as the water supply, a central sewage system should operate, and in the absence of such, it is necessary to equip local treatment facilities or dry closets.
In accordance with hygienic requirements, drinking water is used from the central water supply after treatment by boiling or filtration. In the absence of a centralized water supply, bottled water is used to ensure the drinking regime, the quality and safety of which are confirmed by relevant documents. When organizing a drinking regime with bottled water, it is important to provide a sufficient amount of clean dishes for students. It is allowed to use glass and earthenware cups in the dining room, and in classrooms and classrooms - disposable plastic or paper cups. An outdoor container for collecting used dishes is installed next to the bottle.
Students should have free access to drinking water during lessons and during breaks. In laboratory rooms, workshops, utility rooms, physics, biology and chemistry rooms, a medical room, a dining room and rooms for hygienic needs, cold and hot water (up to 60 ° C) is always supplied to the washbasins.
Arrangement of student desks in the classroom
The set, consisting of a chair and a table with an inclined surface of the working plane (with an angle of 7-17 °), is the main student furniture. Classrooms in which training sessions are held should be equipped with furniture appropriate to the age group and growth of students. If the table or chair is too high, it is recommended to use a footrest with the ability to adjust it in height.
In the system of hygiene requirements, there are also recommendations for the selection of educational boards. The working surface should have a highly adhesive coating for contact with chalk, felt-tip pen, easy to clean with a damp or dry sponge. When choosing a school board used for writing, you need to pay attention to its wear resistance, the presence of anti-reflective coating.
The process of arranging furniture in the study room must also comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements. When working in the classroom, each student must have visual access to the blackboard. Based on this, the following rules apply:
- minimum distance between rows of desks - 60 cm;
- the distance from the teacher’s desk to the blackboard is at least one meter;
- the distance from the first table in a row to the writing board is at least 240 cm;
- maximum distance from the student’s blackboard at the last desk - no more than 860 cm.
Hygienic standards for the organization of the workplace of a student
Students are seated taking into account the health status of each of them. Those students who are often ill should be placed away from the outer wall. Children with hearing and visual impairment are seated at the first tables in the rows.
The workplace must be organized in such a way that it can provide a comfortable working position of the body, in which:
- the head is kept straight (slight forward inclination is allowed);
- the body is tilted forward, but the student does not lean his chest on the edge of the desk;
- arms are bent at the elbows, there is no support on them;
- the legs are bent at right angles and rest on the floor (stand);
- the distance from the eyes to the working surface of the desk is equal to the length of the forearm and hand.
The educational process according to the standards of GEF
Hygienic requirements are aimed at eliminating the excessive burden on the body of students of different ages. Starting a school day is recommended no earlier than eight in the morning. Moreover, at the beginning of the week, the school day should be lightweight, start with a small warm-up to increase the students' performance during classes.
In accordance with the system of hygienic requirements in the Federal State Educational Standard, the teaching load during the lesson should be planned by the teacher according to a single principle, which is used for primary, secondary and high school students. The load should increase gradually, reaching a peak in the middle of the lesson and falling towards the end of the lesson, the optimal duration of which is 45 minutes. During the lesson, you need to make small pauses.
These requirements correspond to such a plan, which conditionally divides the lesson into the introductory, main and final parts. The first 5-10 minutes are devoted to the discussion of organizational issues. The main part intended for the presentation of new material takes 25-30 minutes. For the purpose of final testing and development of the acquired topic, a small survey is conducted, then homework is issued.
Given that the system of hygienic requirements in the Federal State Educational Standard is aimed at maximizing the productivity of the educational process, the teacher should use several teaching forms during the lesson (for example, writing, story, quiz, expressive reading, reviewing applied materials, etc.). This method will help to maintain the necessary level of concentration of students' attention throughout the lesson and avoid overwork.
Books, textbooks, manuals
The main goal of introducing hygiene standards in relation to the design of educational publications is to ensure readability in order to maintain the health of the organs of vision and the prevention of ophthalmic diseases in schoolchildren. When compiling SanPiN, the analysis data of modern educational publications were taken into account. Hygienic standards for type and decoration are classified according to criteria such as visual danger, type of study aid and age group of students.
General requirements for school books are:
- cover - it can be soft or hard;
- methods of fastening the block - it is not allowed to use methods that lead to worsening reading conditions (books stitched with wire, glued with a seam-free fastener);
- radicular fields at the turn of the book - not less than 2.6 cm;
- printing - can only be done in black ink with an interval of optical densities of at least 0.7 without fuzzy character strokes;
- no more than two colors of paint to highlight text.
Work with computer
Electronic computers for training can be installed only in computer science cabinets. In accordance with sanitary requirements, the computer is installed on one workstation. Each student relies on at least 6 m 2 when using old-type monitors (arranged with a cathode ray tube) and 4.5 m 2 if modern liquid crystal screens are connected. In preparation for the operation of the computer science cabinet, close attention is paid to protective grounding equipment, in accordance with fire safety requirements.
The arrangement of jobs involves ensuring the harmless effects of electromagnetic fields. Students should sit at computers so that the teacher has the opportunity to freely approach each workplace. In computer science classrooms, only stationary computers are used. Using laptops owned by students is not permitted.
Sanitary and hygienic requirements when working with a computer involve limiting the continuous duration of work, provided that the gaze is fixed directly on the monitor screen for no more than 20-25 minutes. This standard is designed for high school students.
The readability of the texts on the monitor screen is an equally important hygienic requirement for a computer, which can be met by:
- increase in font size in comparison with traditional book editions;
- adjustment of brightness indicators;
- color combination of the screen background and characters.
Subject to sanitary standards when working with a personal computer, there is no risk of overstrain of the visual system during the lesson.
What are the criteria for choosing a schoolbag?
First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the weight of an empty portfolio - it should not be more than 700 g. Preference should be given to frame school bags, a stable form of which is provided for by the design. The back of the portfolio should be semi-rigid or equipped with a massage profile.
So that the shoulder straps do not cut into the skin of the child, their width should be at least 40 mm. Moreover, the material from which they are made can be elastic and soft to the touch. A more practical option are satchels with hard shoulder straps, but they can only be used with special softening pads.
The bulk of school bags are usually made of durable and practical material with water-repellent properties. The satchel should be convenient for regular cleaning or washing. It is desirable to give preference to bright and colorful backpacks that have quality certificates.
The maximum weight of the school bag, recommended by the sanitary standards for high school students, is in the range of 3.7-4.2 kg. Backpack weighing is carried out together with training kits (notebooks, books, manuals) and stationery for one week in each quarter.
Interchangeable shoes for students
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Food involves a two-time meal. For students in the first shift breakfasts (11: 00-12: 00) and lunches (14: 30-15: 30) are organized. If the educational process takes place on the second shift, children receive lunch and afternoon snack (16: 00-16: 30). For children who study in institutions with round-the-clock stays, five meals a day are provided.
When purchasing products, forming daily menus, the age and health status of children is taken into account. The diet of students should be balanced, based on the principles of functional nutrition. Dishes in the school cafeteria should have a beneficial effect on the body, promote full growth and development, contain vitamins, minerals, probiotics and other irreplaceable food components. Repeating the same dishes on the menu for two consecutive days is not allowed.
During the preparation of culinary products for children, vinegar, mustard, mayonnaise, hot spices are not used. As seasonings, it is allowed to add parsley root, celery, dill, cinnamon, vanilla. Dishes prepared for students should not contain chemical additives (preservatives, dyes and flavorings).