A working draft is a set of technical materials and documents, among which are: calculations, drawings, explanatory note. If it is planned to build a residential building or public building to serve the ordinary population, a standard option is used. The architectural design of a unique house involves the development of an individual project.
The basis for the creation
Work begins when an assignment is received from the customer. A working draft is a draft. It is compiled according to the task received from the client. Information is taken into account on the construction site, the characteristics of hydrogeological and geological conditions, requirements for number of storeys. In the design program selected for work, special attention is paid to architectural and artistic, constructive, space-planning decisions.
Stages of creation
The design office forms an individual order in two stages. First, a technical basis is created, then the working material is thought out, that is, drawings are developed based on which construction will be carried out.
Important points
Technical and working projects are created based on customer requests. In such situations, several options for structural and space-planning decisions are carried out at once. The created options are compared with each other for the selection of the most rational version of the building or structural and planning solutions.
Based on the selected option for aesthetic, operational, economic, technical characteristics, architectural design is carried out. Further, serious work is being done to create materials.
Main components
The technical design includes the following elements:
- floor plans and sections;
- side and main facades;
- a plan of the microdistrict in which construction work is planned;
- master plan of the construction site;
- explanatory note containing the rationale for decisions.
Indicate on the drawings of the technical project the most important overall dimensions of the building itself and its individual rooms, based on approximate calculations, determine the dimensions of the structures.
The specifics of the working draft
It is created according to the technical design, which is approved by the customer. The working draft includes:
- general plan;
- floor plans drawings differing in size;
- cuts on certain elements;
- facades with consideration of prefabricated elements, indicating profiles and finishing of socles, cornices (all other protruding elements);
- sections, plans, foundation profiles;
- plans of all floors and coatings indicating prefabricated elements;
- drawings of components and assemblies of structures;
- atypical element plans
Also attached is a specification of typical parts and products that are used in the designed structure (links to standards and specific catalogs are assumed). Working draft - these are drawings made according to certain requirements. Parts and assemblies are depicted in a scale of 1:10, wiring diagrams - 1: 200.
The drawings indicate all sizes that are needed for the construction of buildings. Development of working projects involves calculations on the stability and strength of the structure and its constituent elements. For building envelopes, sound insulation and thermal protection are necessarily calculated.
A working draft is a set of documentation for the engineering equipment of a structure. It takes into account electricity, sewage, water, ventilation, gas, heating.
Techno-working project
It involves the creation of a project working group, is being developed for structures that are built according to standard drawings. The techno-working project consists of an individual or standard project and binding to the drawings, depending on the specific conditions of the construction site.
Binding involves the following elements:
- Surveyors to identify the level of the first floor;
- an updated structural solution of the foundation, with the obligatory taking into account the location of the groundwater on the site, the specifics of the terrain;
- An updated solution for the basement according to local hydrogeological conditions;
- development of adjacency of engineering networks of the structure to projected or already existing on the site building engineering networks.
The author of the project necessarily makes a binding to local conditions so that the building (structure) being constructed is not only durable, but also safe for operation.
Development of a technical project
This work consists of several stages:
- analysis of the design assignment;
- study of certain technical and regulatory documents, consideration of similar ready-made solutions, technical literature;
- thinking over the general concept of the planned construction;
- creation of a space-planning solution of the building (location on floors of premises, number of floors, number and location of communication rooms);
- designing of the constructive scheme (selection of the variant of the bearing vertical structures, their pitch, joining the premises with them);
- outline plan (this is the simultaneous elaboration of facades and sections with the general concept of the building).
It is advisable to carefully study similar erected and operated structures, evaluate their functionality and technical qualities, as well as economic indicators, before starting the design.
Features of mock modular design
Working investment projects when thinking over buildings with sophisticated technological equipment, involve the use of a mock-modular design option. In such situations, the designer places the created building on the model, using volumetric models as structures and technological equipment.
With this option, the time required to develop the project is significantly reduced, since its various elements are carried out on a floor-by-floor basis, suggesting the simultaneous participation of all required specialists. You can significantly reduce the number of drawings, since photographs of the individual components of the layout, as well as himself, are also considered as working documents. Nowadays, automated design systems using ICT are used.
A draft design is a great opportunity to make preliminary sketches in order to visually analyze some details.
Economic evaluation of design decisions
It is carried out at the given material costs for the construction of the building and its operation, which are assigned to 1 unit of account of the structure (they are called unit costs). For example, for a residential building, 1 m 2 of usable area is considered as such an element, for educational institutions - a place for 1 student, in theaters - one place for the viewer, in industrial buildings - the number of manufactured products. To assess the rationality of the chosen building design option, engineers calculate the reduced costs using a ready-made formula:
- P = K + En x K1 + Tn x M
- K - instant capital investments for the construction of the building in comparison with other design decisions.
- K1 - this is a capital investment in the creation of structures of materials in comparison with the cost of 1 unit of measurement of the structure.
- Tn - the required payback period of capital material investments (indicated in years).
- - efficiency coefficient, which varies depending on the construction area in the range of 0.08-0.16.
- M - the cost per year for the operation of the building relative to 1 unit of account.
How to count
It is determined by the following formula:
E = Pe - P.
Where:
- Pe - reduced costs for a reference project of a similar structure.
- P - costs for the developed (created) project.
Economic and technical indicators
There are certain space-planning indicators, in the determination of which several parameters are used:
- - area of the created building (the outer diameter of the first floor of the building is used);
- Pzh - living area;
- Pr - working area;
- Pv - auxiliary or utility area;
- On - useful area, which is summed up from the utility and living areas, including the coefficients K = 0.25-0.5 of the area of terraces, loggias, balconies;
- Pc - parameters of communication systems;
- Ps - perimeter of the outer walls of the standard floor;
- Mon. - it is used only for industrial buildings (parameters of external structures);
- - volume from the floor of the 1st floor to the attic space or to the upper floors in buildings where there are no attics.
These parameters are used to determine several key indicators for industrial and residential buildings.
The specifics of creating working and technical projects
The basis for work is a technical task previously approved by the customer. Under the technical specifications of the system mean special documentation, which is pre-approved in the prescribed manner.
The kit contains system-wide design solutions, an algorithm of actions, an assessment of the economic feasibility of the management system, a list of measures to prepare it for implementation. It is being developed to determine the main design decisions for creating the system. First, a set of research and scientific work is carried out to select the best solutions, they are tested experimentally, and economic feasibility is being calculated.
A complete set of technical design involves ten basic documents:
- explanatory note;
- organizational and functional structure;
- task setting and algorithm;
- information base;
- document forms folder;
- features of the construction of technical means;
- calculations of economic rationality;
- software;
- complex of technical means;
- statement of all documents.
It should be noted that when preparing the document “Setting the tasks and the algorithm of actions”, it is necessary to take into account all the tasks assigned. All other documents can be made for the entire system. Engineers group documentation according to the four main parameters of a technical project:
- economic and organizational;
- informational;
- technical;
- mathematical
The first part assumes the existence of an explanatory note in which the development of the system is substantiated in detail, and the organizations of the developers are listed. A brief description of the facility itself is also noted, the main economic and technical indicators of its performance are indicated. Its connection with other objects is indicated, as well as brief information about the main design solutions for parts of the system.
In the section of the technical project, which relates to the structure, they give a rationale for the subsystems, their purpose and list, indicate a brief description of the content of each of them.
The technical project section also includes the organizational and economic essence of the task (name, purpose, methodology, lead time, nature of application of the results).
To summarize
In order to ensure that the building under development meets all safety requirements and can be used for a long time, special attention must be paid to the design stage.
Any residential or industrial construction involves the creation of a working draft, within the framework of which the possibilities of its construction in a certain area, the rationality of the choice of materials, supporting structures are analyzed.
Before starting work, it is necessary to coordinate a draft design with the customer, this is a prerequisite for work.