The importance of the education system is hard to overestimate. This is not only the accumulated baggage of skills and abilities, these are the results of the formation of an attitude to reality, the acquisition of life experience. Public education is a necessary, lengthy process, since it is necessary to familiarize students with the wisdom of many generations, to substantiate universal human values, to make them a priority in independent life, and, of course, to give the most complete knowledge about the nature of the universe. The Grand Chancellor of Germany, Otto von Bismarck, not in vain asserted that wars were not won by generals, all victories belong to school teachers.
Principles, structure and requirements of the state educational standard
First of all, it is necessary to disclose such a concept as the educational system, combining the educational work in all social institutions of this profile, functioning in the country. Different states have their own education system, but each of them is built on the same principles. The educational system includes educational organizations, work plans according to state standards and management bodies.
Universal human values in all programs have priority, the basis of national culture is mandatory, and only in third place are the scientific components of education. Almost all public education programs are guided by the world achievements of science, in which humanism and eco-orientation are in the first place.
With compulsory basic training, continuity, consistency and continuity are ensured, where spiritual development is inextricably linked with physical culture, where talents are encouraged. All public education institutions should be those structures where a scientific, carefully designed program for study and upbringing triumphs.
The education system includes educational institutions - kindergartens, schools, lyceums, colleges, universities, and social groups - these are preschool children, schoolchildren and students, as well as their teachers. In addition to the federal public education, there are non-governmental institutions supplementing it that join the common network and also have beneficial effects on the economic and social components of the country.
Education Legislation
The education system is constantly monitored by the state. These actions are regulated by Law 309-FZ on public education, which was updated on December 1, 2007. Monitoring is carried out regarding educational and extracurricular activities, achievements are recorded, and a contingent of talented participants in education is identified and the conditions under which the most successful educational activities were carried out are studied.
In the same way, the successes of graduates are studied, which is projected onto this educational organization, and advanced work methods are also being introduced into the entire network of institutions. Literally all the components of the plan laid down by the federal state educational standards of education are the main ones, none of them can be called secondary. Here it is necessary to note the close relationship between all components of the system, which ensures work in the only right direction, and this is the education of a true citizen and a good person.
Continuity of training and education
The state educational standard provides for a gradual movement from the very first level to the highest. Only preschool education is optional. But, starting from six to eight years, a new stage follows - one of the most important in the education system. This is a mandatory component adopted in all developed countries, and it concerns absolutely every citizen. The federal state educational standard prescribes to start schooling on average from the age of seven, immediately after kindergarten.
In elementary school, students study the structure of society, the whole country, get the first information about a person, about nature, learn to read, count and write. Along with this, they are involved in a healthy lifestyle, they are taught hygiene skills. Exemption from primary, basic and secondary education can only be for medical reasons, it is mandatory for everyone else.
High school graduates should accumulate the necessary amount of general educational knowledge that will help them to form as full citizens. After passing the final exams, each student receives a certificate - a sample document established by state educational standards. Education may not continue, but the current stage of technology development will not allow a person to work fully if there is a lack of knowledge.
Special schools
This area is largely hidden from the general public. In these educational institutions, the amount of knowledge is minimal, since children of special schools have different health deviations. There are eight types of such correctional institutions in our country, and all of them are included in one special education system for schoolchildren.
These are schools for the hearing impaired and the deaf, schools for the blind, for the visually impaired. Separately, children with speech impairments study. Separately, with problems of the musculoskeletal system. Also for children with difficult learning, with developmental delays and deviations in the psyche, there are schools for the mentally retarded.
For such educational institutions, federal state educational standards have their own training programs. Education of this is enough to subsequently be able to get affordable professions. There are quite a few cases when, after graduating from a special school, graduates successfully enter a university and receive an appropriate diploma.
Professional education
This type of education has undergone reforms in recent decades, as the demands of the country's economy are changing. Optimization of vocational education plays a leading role here, and both primary and secondary vocational institutions participate in these transformations.
Multistage education is continuous improvement from entry-level institutions (formerly vocational schools) to specialized colleges, universities, graduate schools and doctoral studies, as well as a variety of courses where employee qualifications are improved.
Financing
The state educational system will not function fully if the state does not provide financial support. Budget allocations are sent to all educational institutions. The law on public education prescribes the deduction of at least ten percent of the federal budget to support educational institutions.
This financing works according to an estimate that cannot be constant: the size of the budget changes annually, and therefore help is not always the same. Citizens of the country have a state guarantee for free and accessible education, each regional budget compensates for the costs by providing subventions.
Quality control
The quality of education is assessed at the regional and federal levels. These are personal achievements of students and the assessment of the educational process as a whole. This determines the level of training at each stage with the transition, where the quality of education is assessed using research through monitoring. The measuring system for all users is the same.
This ensures that all training programs comply with federal state standards. According to the Federal Law on Education, each standard outlines three types of requirements: structural (the main educational program - volume, ratio of parts, the formation of the educational process), implementation (material and technical base, finances, personnel) and effective (mastering educational programs - results) .
Educational standard
Educational standards are programs of different levels and different directions, implemented in a network of educational institutions, and together they make up the country's education system. First of all, these are the common goals of upbringing and training, the fulfillment of mandatory requirements that are enshrined in legislative documents.
The Education Act has been in force since 1992, and in 2007 some changes were made to it. It is on the basis of legislation that educational standards are established, which include regional, national and federal components.
General and professional programs
The first include programs for training in pre-school education institutions, and in subsequent ones, primary, basic and full (secondary) general school programs. All of them are successive, which means a deep connection of each of the programs with the previous and subsequent.
For vocational education, programs are created in accordance with each of the levels - primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate. They already solve problems much more complex, aimed at improving both the general and professional levels, since the training of specialists should be of high quality.
In addition, each educational institution has the right to implement additional educational programs. But it is educational standards that are the basis for the development of educational and methodological documents that focus on certain technologies of the learning process.