Allergic reactions of the human body to any irritating factors (otherwise called allergens) are not the same. It will be about allergic reactions such as the Artyus-Sakharov phenomenon.
Allergy
The Artyus phenomenon is a local reaction, which is characterized by a sharp acceleration of the inflammatory process in response to the influence of any irritants. They are also called buttock reactions, they form at the injection site. With the Artyus-Sakharov phenomenon, immune complexes consisting of proteins are formed. They negatively affect the body, deposited on the walls of small vessels - capillaries, and causing an allergic process.
The reaction can occur both in two days, and in a month after administration of the drug. On average, this happens on the eighth to ninth day.
The degree of tissue damage depends on two factors: on the nature of the drug administered and on how long it has affected the human body. If the contact was short-lived, then the treatment passes quickly. And if it was prolonged, tissue destruction and other complications can be observed.
The presence of this type of allergy is indicated by the following: the occurrence of necrosis (a pathological process of tissue death), intense reactions around it, the rapid formation of a capsule around the focus of inflammation, and the formation of granulomas.
Causes and symptoms
The above immune complexes can form after the introduction of the following drugs: vitamins, antibiotics (antimicrobials), serums (used as a vaccine), insulin (a hormone used in diabetes mellitus).
With the Arthus phenomenon, the patient may complain of increased pain during injections; itching, burning at the injection site; there are seals, swelling and redness of the skin, hyperemia (vascular overflow with blood) is clearly manifested. Infiltrates (liquid) appear, which with the repeated introduction of the allergen can increase. Tissue necrosis is observed, in special cases - anaphylactic shock.
Diagnosis and treatment
When making a diagnosis, patient complaints, data on past illnesses and intolerance to certain drugs or their components (history of life) are taken into account. The presence of high temperature and the rapid development of the inflammatory process for the Arthus phenomenon is uncharacteristic. Surgical treatment is not carried out.
The administration of the drug that caused the allergic process is canceled. After this, glucocorticosteroids, which are an analog of the adrenal hormones, are prescribed. The drug reduces inflammation, reduces the manifestation of symptoms such as soreness and swelling. Also, antihistamines can be prescribed to the patient. They, like glucocorticosteroids, reduce inflammation, but have less effect.
Possible complications
If you do not refuse to take the substance, fistulas (heavily healing canals) can form in place of granulomas (small nodules). Immune complexes continue to form (proteins and foreign agents, which include fungi, bacteria, viruses). Anaphylactic shock develops, in which various internal organs are involved. Manifestation is a severe allergic reaction that can be fatal. Patients experience changes in the activity of the cardiovascular system, decreased pressure, and loss of consciousness.
In order to avoid a repeated allergic reaction of the Arthus phenomenon, it is necessary to refuse the introduction of this substance, as well as any other drugs that are included in the same group of drugs as the drug that caused this type of allergy.