Any existing dictionaries have two directions - these are linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedic ones. The latter contain a basis for understanding all scientific processes in the world, and they have their own scope. For example, physical encyclopedias, chemical, biographical and others.
Linguistic dictionaries are ...
Linguistic dictionaries have a different purpose. The main goal is to give the broadest picture of the language, word and processes of philology.
Linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language relate to many areas - spelling, spelling, etymology, grammar, phraseological units, synonyms and antonyms.
This is a small part of existing benefits of this type. The main bias, however, in linguistics is made on explanatory dictionaries that explain the meaning of words and their scope.
The most popular is precisely the linguistic dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegova. It is common in educational institutions, and is also used by many philologists and linguists. The meaning of the words is revealed in an understandable way, examples of their use are given. The main thing is to be able to work with books of this type, only then a person can make out all the meaning invested in them.
Most popular dictionaries
One of the most famous linguistic dictionaries is the Dictionary of the Russian Language, authored by N.Yu. The Swede, which is released in four volumes. Also, The Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, which has 17 volumes, is therefore called the Great Academic Dictionary, The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov. There is a whole list of linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language with the authors, and they are highly appreciated and carry an important role for the publication of the literary Russian language.
- "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I. Dahl - four volumes, which indicate the meaning of 200 thousand words, 30 thousand proverbs, sayings, riddles. They also give a large number of examples of use.
- "Dictionary of the Russian language" A.P. Evgenieva.
- "The Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - edition by A.S. Kuznetsova.
- "The Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language" - ch. ed. K.S. Gorbachevich.
Types of Linguistic Dictionaries
As it has already become apparent, the linguistic and encyclopedic vocabulary have different goals, but their tactics are the same - to give as much knowledge as possible about a certain field. For this reason, many types of linguistic aids have been created. They monitor the development of the word, take into account their latest meanings, give a series of all the existing meanings of the words.
What are the linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language? The main groups are many, they are outlined below. Each dictionary should be dealt with in a separate subheading.
- Phraseological - the meaning of all the winged expressions in the language is indicated. "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" A.I. Molotkova most accurately and in detail explains all the turns of speech.
- Spelling - give examples of correct spelling.
- Orthoepic - indicate proper pronunciation.
- Grammatical - specify the morphological meanings of words.
- Synonymic, antonymic, homonymic and paronymic - indicate the full meaning of the terms corresponding to the name.
- Lexicographers are specialized books that reveal the meaning of the language of an individual writer.
- Speech orientation - similar to orthoepic, but carry a more in-depth purpose. They are taught to speak correctly.
The objects
An image object in a linguistic dictionary is a unit of language, a word or an excuse; groups of words can still be represented, but not so often. The purpose of compiling the manuals is to give the interested person all the information not of a specific subject, but of its linguistic properties. What exactly is explained in the dictionary depends on the type of book itself.
Main categories
Linguistic dictionaries are also bilingual and multilingual, monolingual and translated. The latter are very important for a person mastering a new language, or for working with a foreign text.
A monolingual linguistic dictionary about the language of a specific country, it contains words and their definitions, as well as a characteristic.
Multilingual or bilingual, as a rule, are a large publication that provides information about some languages of the world. For example, the explanatory dictionary is English-Russian, where words are given with a translation first into English, and then into Russian.
Work with the dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary is a storehouse of language information. It contains diverse information. A similar kind of linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language and their purpose is to give the broadest picture of words. With the help of such aids, a person can learn to correctly use words and phrases in a sentence, and can also change and pronounce them properly. The vocabulary of the Russian language is full of a large number of units, their main, most necessary part is collected in sensible books.
This type of publication does not include words of narrow application, dialects, colloquies, archaisms unknown to the world. For such concepts their own, separate dictionaries can be created, but they are not indicated in the explanatory ones.
When a person wants to find meaning, he needs to scroll through the book until he reaches the desired capital letter of the word. Then you need to focus on the second letter and, based on this sequence, look for the necessary. The value is represented not only by modern vision, there is also a book, high, official, colloquial, colloquial and so on. Usually, after the explanation of the meaning is indicated, an abbreviation is assigned, indicating the scope. It is important to pay attention to this, because the same words, due to changes in form, may belong to different areas.
Then you should read the examples of use in order to better understand the meaning. If the meaning of the word is not fully understood, then you can search in the dictionary those words that are used in the description of the explanation.
At the end, as a rule, phraseological sentences with a word are provided.
Description of the orthoepic dictionary and work with it
The name of linguistic dictionaries and their meaning is important information, using which a person will be able to find everything that he needs.
The spelling dictionary shows how to pronounce words correctly. A manual of this type appeared for the first time in 1959.
The main categories of words in such a dictionary:
- Having a spelling of a certain kind, and pronunciation - of another.
- Which are pronounced differently due to different stress variants.
- Which accent depends on the form of the word.
- Having an unusual accent in other grammatical forms.
A dictionary is necessary in order to normalize the process of using certain words. It happens that a linguistic unit has about five or more types of stress, which depends on the form of the word. To be a literate person, you need to know all the existing difference in use.
Pronunciation marks are required to:
- Show that consonants soften, what needs to be considered in pronunciation.
- Clarify the change in vowels, for example, alternating them in the root.
- Highlight another type of consonant when changing form (as an example, -stn- turns into -sn- at the root of the word).
- Display cases where a double consonant does not stand out in speech.
- Indicate the pronunciation of "e" instead of "e" in words that appeared in Russian due to the introduction of borrowed words into speech.
There are other options for writing labels in words, but they are rarely used, and also do not cause unnecessary questions, since they are quite understandable to humans. The main thing is to pay attention to the spelling of the word and its transcription.
Homonymous and synonymous dictionaries
Dictionaries, where all the synonyms of the Russian language are collected, help a person quickly find a suitable replacement for a word in the text because of a similar meaning. This is especially true for writers or for students writing works in the form of essays or essays. In such manuals, all words are arranged alphabetically, and dashes are synonyms. Moreover, they are indicated, as a rule, several, if the meaning of the word allows.
Paronymic books are designed so that people learn to distinguish words that are similar in pronunciation but have completely different meanings (deep - deep, trusted - trusting, presented - provided, etc.). The general structure of all existing dictionaries of paronyms includes a part where the true meaning of the word is explained, the pairs that are similar in sound are given below. Then a comment is already written, where the semantic differences of the paronyms are shown. Supplement in such books are cases, that is, sentences where a specific paronym is used.
Terms and loan words
Manuals with the meanings of foreign words are created for the same tasks, have the same form as the previous options. An important difference is the explanation of precisely borrowed words, which for a long time have taken root in the Russian language and have become common and inherent in it.
Glossary of terms - it contains all the words used for professional use. They are necessary in order to know a specific area of activity due to special terms in the first place. It is important that dictionaries are close to an encyclopedic orientation, since often they do not carry a complete linguistic task, since they give an idea of the field of scientific or technical. Examples of use are also directed to the non-linguistic sphere. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that such a dictionary is on the periphery of two types.