There were times when we wrote cards, notes, letters and telegrams to each other. Today, more and more, the helmet is SMS. Messages have become more concise, but, by and large, the essence of the form of transmission of information does not change.
Most often it is impossible, and sometimes it’s just impolite to ignore the appeal, even if you send a message to a specific phone number. Appeal is not a formality. It attracts the attention of the listener or reader, sets up a dialogue.
But in order to correctly use the treatment and punctuation marks with it, you need to remember a few rules.
What is the appeal?
The very term “appeal” has already conveyed its essence. This is one or several words that attract the attention of the addressee, make you listen to the speaker, prompt you to action, etc. The appeal is pronounced with a special, vocal intonation and with a pause at the end:
“Petrov! Get up and leave the class! ”
“Where is your diary, Seryozha?”
The appeal in most cases is represented by a word expressed by a noun - this is the name or surname of the person.
“Look, Petya, make no mistake.”
It can also be the name of the animal:
"Ball, come to me!".
An interjection or a pronoun (most often following an interjection) may be a reference:
"Hey you! Yes, finish already!".
An appeal may be an inanimate noun or even a geographical name (especially such appeals are characteristic of artistic speech):
My life! Or did you dream about me?
(S. Yesenin, “I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ...”)
The appeal is isolated not only intonationally. How not to make a mistake when placing punctuation marks when handling? Rules will help to understand this issue.
Unapproved and interjected calls
These are calls expressed in one word:
Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of Smolensk ...
(K.M.Simonov)
Or here's how the fox takes on Raven in the fable of I.A. Krylova "Crow and the Fox":
Sing, light, do not be ashamed! What if sister
With such beauty, you are a craftswoman to sing ...
The role of calls can be performed by interjections:
"Hey! Come here!"
The treatment of interjections should not be confused. The latter, unlike appeals, give the message an additional emotional mood and express the speaker's attitude to the interlocutor.
Interjections are also highlighted by a special intonation, and in a written speech are punctuated:
Oh, why am I not a bird, not a raven of the steppe!
(Lermontov)
Many rules in the Russian language have exceptions, and they must be remembered. So in the case of the correct placement of punctuation marks in appeals and interjections. If conversion is preceded by interjection "o", then we do not put a comma between interjection and appeal:
Your wrong is not right, heaven, holy sentence ...
(Lermontov)
In this case, intonation should serve you as a hint: the appeal “about the sky” sounds like one.
But what an example we find in Leonid Filatov’s fairy tale play “About Fedot the Sagittarius”:
Ah yes oohar! Ah yes grab!
How many are you married to?
Ali you immediately
One-piece weaving mill?
There are no appeals in the first two exclamations. They have an interjection of "yes," expressing surprise, in combination with a noun-definition. The first two sentences are syntactically simple monosyllables.
And hereinafter in the text we see the appeal:
You, Fedot, wife
Though clever, but all alone!
Common calls
These are appeals consisting of two or more words:
"Greetings, my dear friend!"
We do not put punctuation marks inside such calls.
As a special case, treatment of nouns can be combined with interjections:
Oh darling, red maiden
We will go with you, take a walk ...
(From Russian folk song)
The rule for putting punctuation marks inside such a treatment (that is, consisting of a definition, a definable word and a pronoun) means that commas are not needed in most cases:
What do you look so duchess, are you my beauty?
(A.N. Ostrovsky)
If the appeal, consisting of several words, is broken by the members of the sentence, each of the parts of the appeal should be separated:
Stronger, horse, beat, hoof, engraving step!
(E. Bagritsky)
What punctuation marks are used when handling?
The appeal itself can be anywhere in the phrase at the will of the speaker. It should be separated by commas from words that carry the main information load in the sentence.
"Citizen, calm down, sit down and let's talk."
Or:
“Recently, you, Alyosha, have done absolutely nothing.”
Or:
"And have a good trip, darling."
A more emotional appeal can be separated by an exclamation mark:
“Citizens are passengers! We ask you not to smoke in the cabin! ”
A proposal may have more than one appeal. In this case, they are isolated as homogeneous and in accordance with the general rules:
“Come on, Ivanushka, get ready, you are my clear falcon, but hit the road.”
If the conversion is preceded by the particle "o", then it is separated by a comma or exclamation mark. It is distinguished by the same vocal intonation and, in fact, duplicates it, therefore, it needs isolation:
Oh somebody
come on
break
strangers
and disunity
intimate souls!
(E. Evtushenko)
Please note that the particles "a" and "yes", located between repeated calls, do not separate commas:
- Master, and master! - suddenly said Kasyan in his sonorous voice ...
(I.S. Turgenev)
Emotions and Punctuation
Consider the features of treatment and punctuation marks with it.
If the speaker is calm:
“You see, son, how it happens ...”
And an exclamation mark - if we congratulate someone on a holiday. Or we encourage you to make a decision, we suggest you hurry. Or report an extraordinary event.
"Ladies and Gentlemen! Let me introduce you our new guest ... ".
“Citizens! Comrades! Darling! But be you, finally, people! ”
Commas convey calmness, an exclamation mark - emotionality and even inflatedness. Moreover, the essence of the message is not necessarily in direct connection with the mood of the person transmitting it. A dot or comma where an exclamation point would be more appropriate will indicate indifference or other emotion that is not characteristic of the event:
"Dear Alexander. Please accept my sincere congratulations on your new appointment. ”
Thus, appeals on a letter sometimes have an additional semantic load: punctuation marks with them and how the message is presented can sometimes say more than the information that it carries.
As already mentioned above, the appeal can only formally look like that and not at all carry any “reverse” function. In this case, it decorates speech, expressing the speaker’s attitude to an object or phenomenon, introduces unusual semantic shades into the text.
Here is an exclamation, attributed to the ancient Roman statesman, thinker and orator Mark Tullius Cicero :
About times, about manners!
Having become a proverb, this phrase only formally looks like an appeal, but in terms of meaning, of course, it is not.
Special cases
The treatment of introductory words and phrases should not be confused. Both of them have no predicative basis, which means that they cannot be members of the proposal. But the introductory words do not attract the attention of the interlocutor, they carry another function in the message. Clarifying the meaning of what has been said, they complement, focus on something:
“Therefore, you and I need to take into account the existing balance of power.”
"As you know, the essence of the situation is as follows ...".
The punctuation rule for calls and introductory words requires commas.
Please note that the sentence may contain both introductory words and a reference:
“You see, Vasily, now is not at all what it used to be. We have other things. ”
“You see” is an introductory phrase, “Vasily” is an appeal.
Interjections most often cannot act as members of a sentence. But sometimes they acquire syntactic functions unusual for them and "grow" into independent members of a sentence:
“We went fishing, bought ourselves plenty, and then go home!”
"Run up and into the water wow!".
The interjections “ida” and “wow” in the above examples are predicative.
In other cases, it is worthwhile to subject dubious sentences with the supposedly available references to syntactic analysis. Moreover, some words, being members of a sentence, can assume the functions of circulation. We all remember such examples:
Go to the Volga: whose groan is heard
Over the great Russian river?
(N.A. Nekrasov)
Or:
Evening, you remember, the blizzard was angry,
In the cloudy sky the haze was rushing ...
(A.S. Pushkin)
“Go to the Volga” and “do you remember” are parts of complex sentences that intonationally fulfill the role of appeals.
We talked about conversion and punctuation marks with it. It is important to correctly isolate them from the members of the proposal, so that the reader can understand the essence of the information that the author wants to convey to him.