Dysgraphia in primary school students: correction, exercises, prevention, causes

Primary school students often suffer from a speech therapy disease - dysgraphia. It is characterized by some types of violation of writing: children write as they say, miss letters, change endings. This is actually a very serious problem. If you do not pay attention to its solution, the child may develop an inferiority complex. Peers at school will taunt him, which will lead to a loss of self-confidence. Therefore, dysgraphia in younger students (correction, exercises and prevention will be presented below) should be an important topic for discussion among parents.

Reasons for the appearance

Scientists still have not identified the exact causes of this disease. This issue has not yet been fully studied, but most experts agree that the basis for the development of the disease is heredity. Causes of dysgraphia in primary school students:

1. Heredity. As already noted, this is the main reason for the appearance of the disease. Children accept from their parents immaturity of the brain in certain departments. Because of this, there is a delay in the development of certain functions.
2. Functional Sources. This refers to various bodily diseases. For this reason, there is a violation of psycho-speech development, and also the child loses the ability to read and write. Correction of dysgraphia, dyslexia in primary school children should be aimed primarily at eliminating the causes of the onset of the disease.
3. Underdevelopment of the brain. Any injury or damage may cause dysgraphia. Moreover, brain damage could occur as a result of pathologies during pregnancy, asphyxiation or exposure to infection.
4. Socio-psychological impact. Of course, we must not forget about this factor. This disease in children can develop due to incorrect speech of people around them, lack of communication, as well as inattention to letters and reading of the child by parents.

Types of dysgraphia in primary school students

The allocation of forms of the disease will help parents correctly apply the exercises recommended by speech therapists. You need to know that there are three main types of this ailment:

1. Acoustic. This form of dysgraphia appears as a result of impaired development of speech hearing. That is, the child is not able to perceive sounds correctly. Because of this, the letter suffers, children unknowingly change the letters in the words, because they hear so. Similar sounds are mixed and often confused, for example , bp, zh, ssh and others. Acoustic dysgraphia affects the softness of the consonants in the letter ( loves - breaks ). Also, the child often misses letters. Acoustic dysgraphia correction in primary school children is carried out with the help of exercises aimed at improving the auditory space.
2. Motor. This problem manifests itself in the form of improper hand movements during writing. In this case, the child may perform other actions. Violation of the combination of visual and sound images is usually the cause of the motor form of the disease. Correction of dysgraphia in younger students of this type is aimed at completely getting rid of this ailment. As a result, the child will be able to correctly write and compare images.
3. Optic. Dysgraphia of this type is manifested in a violation of visual functions. Children cannot correctly display letters, which is reflected in mirror writing, replacement or mixing of various elements. In most cases, a rearrangement of similar letters occurs ( tp ). The manifestation of this disease is a mirror letter from left to right in left-handed people with certain brain disorders. Optical dysgraphia in primary school students (correction, exercises are covered in the article) is an important problem in the modern world. Visual impairment is a common occurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to this issue. Types of dysgraphia in primary school students allow you to specify the treatment in a particular situation.

How can dysgraphia be detected?

If parents suspect the possibility of developing this disease, it is necessary to undergo examination by a neurologist or optometrist. The level of speech growth is checked by a speech therapist. The main thing is to correctly determine whether a child has dysgraphia or is it just a banal ignorance of spelling standards.

Examination of children for dysgraphia includes:

• Verification of spoken language. Particular attention should be paid to this aspect, especially the pronunciation of sounds, vocabulary, the correct construction of sentences.
• Assessment of written language. After the first stage, you need to check the letter. For this, the child is offered to perform certain tasks. Most often, this is a rewriting of the text, conducting a dictation and reading by letters and syllables. The results of these exercises determine the degree of development of written language.
• The study of hearing and vision of the child. As well as monitoring the state of manual and speech motor skills.

Prevention of dysgraphia in primary school children is very important. Tasks for identifying this disease can be different. The most commonly used method for determining phonemic abilities. Such exercises allow the child to demonstrate their skills:

• discern a specific sound in words;
• select pictures whose name begins with the same sound;
• repeat several syllables in a row for the teacher;
• hear the wrong pronunciation and indicate errors.

If the child is very small and still does not go to school, he may also develop dysgraphia. You can check this according to the drawings of the baby. Children who like to draw and often do this are practically not affected by this disease. If the child does not like to do this, and all his pictures consist of broken or shaky lines, there is a high probability of developing dysgraphia.

Ways to fix the disease

Dysgraphia in primary school students (correction, exercises and treatment will help to cope with the problem) is urgent. As soon as the problem is identified, it is immediately necessary to start classes. In the event of a disease with a child, a speech therapist and psychologist should be involved.

The program for the correction of dysgraphia in primary school students is determined depending on the form of the disease. Parents should take this problem seriously and follow the recommendations of specialists. A great option would be to transfer the child to a speech therapy school, but not in every city it exists. Most often, parents need to deal with the children themselves.

Dysgraphia correction in primary school students is carried out in the following ways:

• conducting classes to improve memory;
• increase vocabulary;
• memorization of spelling standards;
• written assignments of various nature;
• rehabilitation in the form of massage, taking sedatives if necessary.

Therapy stages

The elimination of dysgraphia in younger students is carried out in four steps:

1. Diagnostics. Various dictations should often be held here to test the existing level of grammar. The results should be analyzed and the first conclusions made.
2. Preparation. They pay attention to the development of memory, thinking, as well as fine motor skills. It is very important to identify an understanding of spatial relationships.
3. Correction. From this stage, the treatment of existing abnormalities begins directly. All work is focused on three aspects: grammatical, lexical and phonetic. The goal is to correct violations, normalize the process of writing and reading.
4. Rating. The final step, at which all the results are checked, the parents are given the latest recommendations.

Effective dysgraphia correction methods

Here we will consider in more detail the most effective ways of correcting the disease:

1. The word model. This exercise is as follows: the child is given a picture on which the subject and the outline of the word are drawn. The student’s task is to name the subject and then pronounce all the sounds of the word in order. Then correlate each sound with a letter and write the whole word.
2. The Abbigause Method. The schoolboy receives a sheet with words in which the letters are missing. He needs to insert the missing letters and rewrite the whole word completely.
3. Analysis of sounds and letters. The child is given a picture with an image of a certain subject. He needs to name this thing and write a word. Then emphasize, divide by syllables and pronounce them aloud. Each sound must be separated and emphasized with the appropriate color. Then you need to compare their number with the number of letters.
4. Correction of errors. Here everyone gets a few words with intentionally made mistakes. The student's task is to correct this and rewrite the words in the correct way.

The most common speech therapy disease is dysgraphia in primary school students. Correction, exercises that contribute to its treatment are offered to your attention below.

Writing Out Loud Assignment

This is probably one of the most effective exercises. It can not be replaced with anything, the essence is to pronounce aloud written with the obligatory allocation of weak parts. This should be done slowly, clearly pronouncing each letter. For example: Cow gives milk.

The exercise is aimed at improving literacy. Weak lobes are sounds that are not given attention during fluent speech, and they are pronounced incorrectly. An important point is the utterance of the word to the end, the selection of endings. Children with dysgraphia very rarely can write the whole word. Often at the end they put sticks that can be mistaken for letters. However, the number of these lines does not correspond to the number of letters that should be in this word.

With the help of this task, the correction of acoustic dysgraphia in younger students is carried out. Exercises aimed at treating the disease are quite diverse. But fundamental is "Writing out loud." It is necessary to accustom the child to the pronunciation of each written word, and then the result will not be long in coming.

Corrector Exercise

To complete this task, you will need a boring text or a complex book. The fact is that the child was not interested in reading. The only requirement is capital letters to distinguish between what is written. First you need to choose a light letter (usually a vowel), which the child knows and does not make mistakes in writing it, for example, “a”. The task of the student will be to find references to this letter and cross it out.

Then you should proceed to the more difficult stage. You can increase the number of letters, it is advisable to choose similar in spelling, for example, "l" and "m". To understand what exactly causes the child’s difficulties is very simple. It is necessary to carry out a dictation, in the process of writing which the student will make certain mistakes. Based on these errors, you can identify weaknesses in the grammar.

Correction of optical dysgraphia in younger students is carried out using this exercise. It is very effective, because you need to strain not only the brain, but also the eyes. It must be emphasized that the text should not cause interest in the child. He needs not to read, but to find the appearance of the letter.

Find and Explain Exercise

To complete this task, you will need several dictations written by a child. He must explain every comma put in a sentence. If he does not have enough knowledge, you need to tell the student the rules along the way. It is even better if the teacher pushes the student to the correct answer so that he himself guesses and can formulate his decision.

When performing the exercise, it is important to remember that you can not overload the child. Of each dictation, it is recommended to parse five to six sentences. The correct answer must be voiced several times. For example, a comma between the noun “sun” and the pronoun “we” separates parts of a complex sentence. It should be noted that after each dictation it is imperative to work on the mistakes.

As part of this assignment, acoustic dysgraphia is corrected in primary school students. The Find and Explain and Writing Out Loud exercises are the most effective for solving this problem.

Labyrinth and Find the Missing Letter Quests

These two exercises are quite popular, and most of the parents use them in developing their child’s abilities. They are also useful for correcting dysgraphia.

"Labyrinth" perfectly develops large motor skills of children. Currently, there are a huge number of different collections where you can find great puzzles. Labyrinths, if desired, can be drawn by the parents themselves. The main task of the child is to trace with a finger or pen from the beginning of the tangled moves to the end. The organization of prevention and correction of dysgraphia in primary school students can be based on this exercise. It is the most simple and versatile.

Exercise "Find the missing letter" is aimed at developing mindfulness in children. To execute it, you need the source text, where everything is in place. Then in the same material you need to remove the letters, leaving gaps in their place. The student's task is to fill in the missing elements. You should not remove the source text, as the child needs to be based on something.

When searching for material, one must take into account the fact that it should interest the student. In this case, the task will turn into a game. Recently, dysgraphia in younger schoolchildren is increasingly developing. Correction, exercise and prevention of this ailment are simply necessary to protect the child from unpleasant consequences.

Handwriting Correction

The fact is that for a child with dysgraphia, handwriting causes a certain difficulty. Typically, these children write either very finely or extremely large. Spreading in handwriting is not a negative phenomenon, for this it is not worth scolding a child.

In order to teach the student to write correctly, it will take about three weeks. First you need to buy a notebook in a cage and ask to reproduce the text on paper. The letter should not go beyond the cell - the main rule. It is necessary to monitor this and support the child in every possible way.

You can not overload the children, a few correctly written lines per day - an excellent result. Even if the parents are tired of dealing with the child, it is strictly forbidden to show it, and even more so to raise the tone. As writing instruments, it is recommended to use pens with a ribbed surface, as well as pencils in the form of a triangle.

At home, you can play with your child by giving a pen and ink. Then he will try to write correctly so as not to spoil the game.

Recommendations by professional speech therapists

Many experts in this field highlight the following points:

• Dysgraphia correction methods are quite diverse, but equally effective. Parents should deal with children, because the future of the child depends on this.
• Completing assignments requires perseverance and patience. In addition, exercises should be carried out regularly, at least an hour a day.
• If a specialist asked a large amount of information for processing, then the text must be divided into several parts. It will be easier for both a child and an adult. Overfatigue should not be allowed, as this will lead to whims and reduced performance.
• The most common mistake is to rewrite your homework several times. Parents should not force their children to do this, because this will not lead to anything good. On the contrary, the child will make a large number of mistakes, which will lead to unwillingness to engage.
• Support is very important, even in the smallest situation. Did the child do the job? It is necessary to praise him, but in moderation. This issue will require delicacy, you can not overdo it. In no case do not humiliate the child for failure. Moreover, it is forbidden to invent insulting nicknames. This negatively affects the children's psyche.

Prevention

Prevention of dysgraphia in primary school students can be expressed in violation of auditory recognition of speech sounds. From 3 years old it is necessary to constantly check this moment. If a child of this age has problems, they can easily be solved with regular exercise.

Recently, teaching children a foreign language (most often English) from 3-4 years old has gained great popularity. Children at this age perfectly remember new information and easily perceive it. However, with the wrong approach to learning, the child may develop dysgraphia or dyslexia.

You should also pay attention to the correct pronunciation of words by adults. If parents repeat after the children, this can lead to certain problems. If the child does not speak correctly, he must immediately be taught how to do it. Then it will be better to remember, and speech will develop faster.