Carbon dioxide, also known as carbon monoxide 4, reacts with a number of substances, forming the most diverse compounds in their composition and chemical properties. Consisting of non-polar molecules, it has very weak intermolecular bonds and can only be in the form of a gas if the temperature is higher than 31 degrees Celsius. Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
Carbon monoxide 4: formula and basic information
Carbon dioxide is present in the Earth’s atmosphere at a low concentration and acts as a greenhouse gas. Its chemical formula is CO 2 . At high temperatures, it can exist exclusively in a gaseous state. In its solid state, it is called dry ice.
Carbon dioxide is an important component of the carbon cycle. It comes from many natural sources, including volcanic degassing, burning of organic matter and the respiratory processes of living aerobic organisms. Anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide are mainly associated with the burning of various fossil fuels for electricity and transport.
It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen during a process called photosynthesis, using both carbon and oxygen to form carbohydrates. In addition, plants also release oxygen to the atmosphere, which is then used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the body
Carbon monoxide 4 reacts with various substances and is a gaseous product of metabolic waste. There is more than 90% of it in the blood in the form of bicarbonate (HCO 3 ). The rest is either dissolved CO 2 or carbonic acid (H2CO 3 ). Such organs as the liver and kidneys are responsible for balancing these compounds in the blood. Bicarbonate is a chemical that acts as a buffer. It keeps the blood pH level at the required level, avoiding an increase in acidity.
The structure and properties of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a chemical compound that is a gas at room temperature and above. It consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Humans and animals emit carbon dioxide when they exhale. In addition, it is always formed when something organic is burned. Plants use carbon dioxide for food. This process is called photosynthesis.
The properties of carbon dioxide were studied by Scottish scientist Joseph Black back in the 1750s. This is a greenhouse gas that can capture thermal energy and affect the climate and weather on our planet. It is he who causes global warming and an increase in the temperature of the Earth's surface.
Biological role
Carbon monoxide 4 reacts with various substances and is the final product in organisms that receive energy from the destruction of sugars, fats and amino acids. This process is known as cellular respiration, characteristic of all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, carbon dioxide travels in the blood from body tissues to the lungs, where it is exhaled. Plants get it from the atmosphere for use in photosynthesis.
Dry ice
Dry ice or solid carbon dioxide is a solid state of CO 2 gas with a temperature -78.5 ° C. In its natural form, this substance is not found in nature, but is produced by man. It is colorless and can be used for the preparation of carbonated drinks, as a cooling element in ice cream containers and in cosmetology, for example, for freezing warts. Vapors of dry ice cause choking and can lead to death. When using dry ice, caution and professionalism are worthwhile.
Under normal pressure, it will not melt from solid to liquid, but instead passes directly from solid to gas. This is called sublimation. It will change directly from a solid to a gas at any temperature exceeding extremely low temperatures. Dry ice sublimates at normal air temperature. In this case, carbon dioxide is released, which is odorless and colorless. Carbon dioxide can be liquefied at pressures above 5.1 atm. The gas that is released from dry ice is so cold that when mixed with air it cools water vapor in the air to a mist that looks like thick white smoke.
Preparation, chemical properties and reactions
In industry, carbon monoxide 4 is obtained in two ways:
- By burning fuel (C + O 2 = CO 2 ).
- By thermal decomposition of limestone (CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2 ).
The resulting volume of carbon monoxide 4 is purified, liquefied and pumped into special cylinders.
Being acidic, carbon monoxide 4 reacts with substances such as:
- Water. Upon dissolution, carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) is formed.
- Alkaline solutions. Carbon monoxide 4 (formula CO 2 ) reacts with alkalis. In this case, middle and acid salts (NaHCO 3 ) are formed.
- Basic oxides. In these reactions, carbonate salts (CaCO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 ) are formed.
- Carbon. When carbon monoxide 4 reacts with hot coal, carbon monoxide 2 (carbon monoxide) is formed, which can cause poisoning. (CO 2 + C = 2CO).
- Magnesium. As a rule, carbon dioxide does not support combustion, only at very high temperatures can it react with some metals. For example, ignited magnesium will continue to burn in CO 2 during the redox reaction (2Mg + CO 2 = 2MgO + C).
A qualitative reaction of carbon monoxide 4 is manifested when it is passed through limestone water (Ca (OH) 2 or through barite water (Ba (OH) 2 ) . Clouding and precipitation can be observed. since insoluble carbonates are converted to soluble bicarbonates (acid salts of carbonic acid).
Carbon dioxide is also produced by burning all carbon-containing fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal or wood. In most cases, water is also released.
Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms that are held together by covalent bonds (or electron fission). Pure carbon is very rare. It is found in nature only in the form of minerals, graphite and diamond. Despite this, it is the building block of life, which in combination with hydrogen and oxygen forms the main compounds that make up everything on the planet.
Hydrocarbons such as coal, oil, and natural gas are compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon. This element is found in calcite (CaCo 3 ), minerals in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, limestone and marble. This is an element that contains all organic matter - from fossil fuels to DNA.