First of all, geography is the basic geographical discipline on which such sections of geography as biogeography, space geography, climatology, as well as soil science, meteorology and oceanology are based. Thus, without a clear understanding of the tasks and tools of this discipline, a qualitative study of other disciplines is impossible.
Object of study
Geography and geography study the Earth, its surface and structure, and also monitor all the processes that occur in the human environment. Modern scholars geography refers to the natural science block of geographical disciplines along with paleogeography, hydrology and soil science.
The main object of interest of geologists is the geographic shell of the Earth, which has an extremely complex structure and consists of several spheres, each of which has its own structural features. Today, the main objects of study of geography are the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
It is worth noting that each of these areas is studied by independent science, but the whole shell as a single integral entity, having an internal consistent structure and its own laws of functioning, is studied precisely by geography.
Research Methods in Geography
The whole variety of scientific methods of geography is general scientific methods, interdisciplinary and specific. The complexity of each of these methods is due to the complexity of the object being studied.
The most productive scheme for studying the earth's shell is considered one in which various methods are integrated. For example, it is considered reasonable to combine historical analysis and the cartographic method. In addition, the development of modern computer technology allows the use of such an effective method of Earth exploration as modeling.
Effective modeling is made by the fact that today scientists have a huge array of data on the state of ecology, climate and hydrology and, thanks to the big data method, can summarize all the information they have, making important conclusions.
Origin of the earth
Grade 6 geography also pays attention to how the planet was formed. Today, thanks to the modeling method and available data, scientists have a fairly clear idea that the planet was formed from a gas-dust cloud, which, as it cooled, formed planets and small space objects, such as meteorites.
In addition, grade 6 geography and geography are studied by continents and oceans, as well as tectonic platforms that form the earth's crust. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the thickness of the crust varies depending on whether it is measured on the continent or on the ocean floor.
The continental crust consists of granite, basalt and sedimentary layers and reaches a thickness of 40-50 kilometers. At the same time, the thickness of the earth's crust on the ocean floor does not exceed six kilometers.
Earth's hydrosphere
The hydrosphere of the planet is one of those shells that studies geography. This is one of the most important areas for human life, since without clean water a person will not be able to live long, at the same time, a significant number of the world's inhabitants do not have regular access to clean, quality drinking water. The entire hydrosphere of the earth consists of groundwater, rivers, lakes, oceans, seas and glaciers.
Groundwater refers to all sources and reservoirs of water located below the earth's surface. The bed of underground reservoirs are the water-resistant layers of the earth's crust, which are clay deposits and granites.
Rivers are the natural streams of water that move from a source located on a hill to a mouth located in a lowland. Meals of rivers are meltwater, rains and underground sources. An important feature of the river as a natural body of water is that it moves along a channel that it has been laying for itself for a long time.
There are several great rivers on the planet that have a huge impact on the development of culture and the productive forces of mankind. Such rivers include the Nile, Euphrates, Tiger, Amazon, Volga, Yenisei and Colorado, as well as some other full-flowing rivers.
Earth biosphere
Geography is not only the science of the structure of the earth's shell and the physical processes taking place in the earth's crust, but also a discipline that studies the development and interaction of large biological communities. The modern biosphere consists of tens of thousands of different ecosystems, each of which is formed in unique natural and historical conditions.
It is worth noting that the biological mass is distributed unevenly on the Earth. Most of the many millions of species of living organisms are concentrated in places where there is sufficient oxygen, sunlight, and nutrients - i.e. on the surface of the earth and in the upper layers of the earth's crust and ocean.
However, the latest scientific evidence suggests that life is also present at the bottom of the oceans, and even in the permafrost of Antarctica.