Basic conditions and rules of behavior in extreme situations. The procedure for deciding to stay at the scene and the sequence of their implementation

Rules of conduct in extreme situations - at least once in a lifetime this topic becomes relevant for every person. A clear knowledge of the algorithm of actions in any dangerous situation is a guarantee that a person will survive and be able to save others before the arrival of qualified assistance. Only those who are ready for any extreme situation morally and psychologically will not succumb to panic. These are the basics of the ABC of survival - their knowledge should be mandatory for both children and adults.

Knowledge is not only power, but also the ability to survive

Unfortunately, as practice shows, in the event of extreme situations, the count goes on seconds and minutes, and physicians and other specialists can not get so fast. Timely help can save lives, so it is so important from a young age to know the rules of behavior in extreme situations. A short course on the basics of safe life in high school is perhaps the only manual that provides minimal knowledge in terms of action in various dangerous situations.

Let us honestly answer the question: how competent are you in terms of your own safety in the event of an accident? What about first aid skills for electric shock, burns, drowning, stopping bleeding? But the ability to protect yourself, to preserve your health in emergency situations is the most important science for every person at any age and point in the world.

Calm, only calm

Many people, feeling helpless in a critical situation, succumb to panic and thereby deprive themselves of a chance to survive. Only keeping calm, you can protect yourself and help others.

In a state of shock during fires, people are thrown out of windows and broken to death, although there are other ways to evacuate - safe and affordable. Therefore, one should not succumb to panic in any case, an even psychological state, as well as motivation to survive - this is what a person in an extreme situation needs.

The rules of behavior in extreme situations must also be known for the reason that the desire to help victims before the arrival of doctors or the fire service can lead to disastrous results. Spontaneous "attacks" of heroism, not supported by solid knowledge and skills, only add to the number of victims during the tragedy.

In this article, we will consider the most typical situations and incidents that an ordinary person may fall into, taking into account social and geographical factors.

Rules of conduct in life-threatening situations for children

Children should be taught from a very young age with all the nuances of safe behavior. When the child learns to speak well, it is worth learning the following information with him, which will help in some situations (in case of loss, accident, fire, and others):

• name and surname;
• home address;
• mobile phone of one of the parents;
• emergency phone numbers.

Even adults in a situation of stress, bewildered, can not immediately remember the necessary numbers. A child, at a minimum, will be able to tell the desired number or even call himself by dialing a number known to him. Emergency specialists will find out the necessary information from the baby and will be able to help in a timely manner. For this, it is important to learn your data with your child, especially the address. For students, the rules of behavior in extreme situations are familiar from the course on the basics of safe living, but information that can save a life is never superfluous.

In case of fire

Preschool children and those who are already attending school should clearly understand what to do if a fire starts and adults are not around:

• Call Service 101 with your name, address, and circumstances.
• call for help neighbors, any adults passing by;
• do not hesitate to knock on neighboring apartments and houses, asking for help;
• if there is a lot of smoke in the room, it is necessary to wet any rag with water and breathe through it;
• with severe smoke, you need to move along the floor, crawling, there the content of toxic substances will be less;
• as soon as possible to leave the room, not trying to cope with the fire on their own - this is fraught with burns and more dangerous consequences;
• Do not try to “save” your favorite toys and valuables, do not hide under the bed or in the closet;
• if there is no way to leave the apartment, go to the balcony and, closing the door behind you, call for help.

If the child is lost

You can get lost everywhere: in a shopping center, at public events, on a hike. Now that everyone has a mobile phone, this situation does not seem so terrible. However, it is worth agreeing with the child on a certain procedure in such a situation. I was lost - returned to the place where I last saw each other - called from my phone or asked someone from passers-by to call (for this it’s worth remembering the phone number of one of the parents). Tell your child that adults can and should seek help. At the same time, make it clear that it is better to contact people in uniform who are in the store, women of mother's age.

There are a number of important rules of conduct in extreme situations for children. This basic knowledge can save their life. Discuss them with the child, talk out the scenarios and the corresponding actions.

1. Do not touch or pick up things, packages, boxes that are forgotten by someone or lost. Such findings should be reported to adults who decide for themselves: to call the police or this is an ordinary case that does not require the intervention of specialists.
2. You can’t talk with strangers, go into the elevator, tell them personal information, get into the car with strangers.
3. If you find yourself in a panicking crowd, try to keep your balance, don’t pick up the things that you dropped, and if you fall, you are likely to get trampled. It is worth moving only "with the flow" of the crowd, keeping things pressed to the chest. If you fall, there are 2 options: immediately cling to those running nearby, for belts, bags, everything you can to get up. The second option: if you can’t get up, you need to “help” others who are nearby (for example, saying: you fall, hold on!) - the crowd will not be able to trample five or six people at once. Get up yourself and help others. You can slightly hit a person if he is in a state of shock - this will return him to a normal state at least temporarily.
4. If a dog attacks you, you must not look into her eyes, scream loudly, run away with your back turned away. You can firmly and confidently give the command: "sit", "lie", "fu", "cat", throw something to the animal for distraction. It’s better to hold large things in your hands so that they “take a hit” on themselves! A picked up stone, bottle, stick, handful of sand thrown into the eyes of the animal can save or change the situation, the main thing is not to start the fight first. A pack of dogs is the worst option, so if there is a danger of stray dogs on the way, take a gas spray or any other product that can be sprayed (deodorant, freshener, hair spray). Image does not play any role when life and health are at stake. This statement also applies to the story when, with an aggressive attack by dogs, a man squatted down and uttered, than discouraged the pack, and she ran away. Of course, this is an extreme option, and you need to choose actions depending on the situation, but to show your fear of an animal means to lose.

Knowledge of the basic rules of behavior in extreme situations is important for students as well as for their parents. It is a pity that such courses are not taken in depth in the school course, it would be very valuable and useful in our time.

Elementary rules of conduct in extreme situations

This may sound corny, but first of all, it is important to learn emergency phones and save them in the contacts of your mobile phone. Let these numbers never come in handy for you.

If a fire occurs, you need to know a few vital points. This is a kind of instruction on the rules of behavior in extreme situations:

• Block the air in the room where the fire occurred.
• Turn off electricity and gas.
• If smoke allows, you can find the source of ignition and try to eliminate the flame.
• If you can’t cope with the fire on your own (and evacuation is impossible for any reason), close the doors tightly, move to the room farthest from the source of ignition, fill the cracks with wet rags and wait for help.
• You need to crawl through a smoky room or crouch, breathe better through wet tissue, for example, a handkerchief.
• Burning electrical appliances must not be extinguished with water without being de-energized.

Hostage rules

Unfortunately, terrorist acts and hostage taking are increasingly occurring. This is our reality, so you need to be prepared for any turn of events:

1. Calm down, do not scream, do not cry, do not resent. In a state of affect, the invaders by any means get rid of any irritants, including hysterical hostages.
2. Follow the rules: do not shoot on a mobile phone, do not look into the eyes of criminals, do not engage in dialogue, do not make sudden movements and actions that may result in a sharp sound.
3. If possible, stay away from the aisle and windows.
4. If you are injured, try to move less to reduce blood loss. Ask for medical help, calmly and without pressure.
5. Do not try to disarm the criminal on your own, you and others can suffer from this. Heroism is inappropriate here.
6. Do not do anything without permission from the invaders.
7. During the rescue operation, lie with your hands over your head. Do not try to run away or, conversely, run out to meet the rescuers, they can take you for terrorists.
8. Pay attention to the voice, tattoos, scars and other features of the invaders. This information may come in handy.

If you are under the rubble

Seismic activity is not necessary for collapse of buildings. In our geographical area and historically developed situation, there are many options to find yourself in a similar situation.

Here is a brief memo on the rules of conduct in an extreme situation - when a person finds himself under the rubble of buildings or other structures:

• Do not panic, breathe evenly, do not make sudden movements of the limbs, so as not to aggravate the situation.
• If there are fragments with which you can fix the "ceiling", try to do it.
• Do not light matches or a lighter, do not smoke, there may have been a gas leak, an explosion may occur. In addition, if air access is limited, you will lose valuable oxygen.
• Try to move a metal object from side to side from time to time (rescuers use an echo sounder to detect people under the rubble).
• Knock on metal frames, fixtures, make loud noises, whistle. Do not scream, it can make you weak, oxygen is quickly consumed, dust gets into the respiratory tract, which is very dangerous.
• If you really want to drink, you can hold a small pebble in your mouth, this will quench your thirst a little.
• During rescue operations, every hour they make "silence time", when they turn off the engines, turn off noisy devices to hear those calling for help - use this information.

Caution, thin ice!

Despite the fact that in all types of media they warn about the dangers of being on ice, especially in the beginning of winter and early spring, the annual statistics are simply shocking. From year to year, children and fishermen become victims of thin ice. These categories make up the vast majority of the dead. Rules of conduct in extreme situations must be strictly observed both by children and experienced adult "uncles".

You can go out on ice if its thickness is more than 10 centimeters. It can be visually determined: ice of blue color is strong, white ice is twice thinner, weaker.

You can not go on the ice at night, in fog, with poor visibility. If you need to cross the river, it is better to do it on skis, so the possibility of failure will be minimal.

If you have fallen under the ice, spread your arms to the sides to hold onto the edges of the hole. Try to move reclining to the ice, pushing off with your feet, do not give up attempts, call for help. You need to move in the checked direction, to the coast where you came from.

It is necessary to save a person who has failed under the ice competently and carefully, without skills - you can die yourself. You need to lie on the ice and throw a drowning scarf, stick, stick, rope, belt or something like that. Slowly crawling, pulling the victim by the other end of the rope, move in the right direction. If you follow these rules of conduct in an extreme situation, then tragedy can be avoided.

If you decide to help ...

In addition to the rules of safe behavior in extreme situations, it is very valuable to have first aid skills. If you decide to help the victims staying at the scene, then you should adhere to an elementary algorithm of actions. This will allow you to act productively, and most importantly - not to harm. These actions are carried out on condition that the ambulance is on its way.

1. Eliminate hazards. In most cases, this means moving the victim out of the area where explosions, fires, accidents and more are possible. We do not forget about our own safety.
2. Visually assess the condition of the victim in order to understand if there is bleeding, whether a tourniquet is needed. Find out whether a person is conscious, determine the presence of breathing and pulse.
3. If the person is unconscious, it is necessary to check the airway (if the tongue is sunken, if there is a foreign object).
4. If the victim does not breathe, begin mechanical ventilation.
5. If there is no pulse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is needed.
6. Apply harnesses, tires, ice, fix the injured in the safest poses, given the injury.
7. Talk with those who are conscious to clarify the circumstances of what happened, this information will be valuable to physicians. Inform them on arrival of all the conditions and circumstances that could be clarified.

These, at first glance, simple but timely actions can save someone's life, and possibly not just one.

Do not test life for strength!

The experience accumulated by people suggests that 90% of success in an emergency depends on the behavior and mood of the person himself, and only 10 on circumstances. And yet - in emergency situations, listen to your inner voice. Human life is the most valuable and fragile thing on earth, so you need to fight for it with all your might, no matter what happens! Learn the rules of human behavior in extreme situations and be confident in yourself. Let the danger pass by, let this knowledge remain just a theory, but this is a very important baggage.

Think before you go a shorter road, to the detriment of a safe, but long way. Take protective equipment, a stun gun, or a gas canister if you plan to return late. Do not settle for dangerous, extreme entertainments, do not leave your children unattended, do not neglect autonomous fire detectors.