The opening of a dairy farm is much more attractive to many entrepreneurs than the organization of other classic projects in this area. Indeed, this does not require large areas, nor will huge investments be needed. Maintenance costs may well be realized by the work of one owner’s family. A modern dairy farm will make it possible to introduce new products to the market without huge initial investments without great risks.
Land plot
The creation of such an enterprise must begin with the acquisition of land. Even if the farm is small, you will still need an area of at least 1000 square meters. Such territory is needed for cattle, warehouse, utility rooms. It’s best to organize everything so that there are meadows and pastures nearby. Otherwise, the procurement of feed will be expensive. To acquire a land plot, it will be necessary to interact with the district administration.
Investments
The investment calculations of a dairy farm will be determined by many factors. The most important of them is production volumes. For example, the construction of an enterprise for 100 cows will be more expensive than the construction of a farm for 50. There are companies in the Russian Federation that organize the construction and design of turnkey dairy farms. By a standard order, the creation of such an enterprise will cost only 5-6 million rubles.
The price includes the installation of a cattle hangar with an area of approximately 1 thousand square meters. If a dairy farm is built according to the owner’s own project, less investment will be needed. But in this case, at least 2 million rubles will be required.
After that, it will be necessary to conduct communications to the buildings. We are talking about electricity, water, gas. At this stage, approximately 200 thousand rubles are spent. The duration of installation work is usually not less than six months.
Equipment
According to the dairy farm’s business plan, equipment is still to be purchased. It will be necessary to arrange racks, to carry out the installation of drinking bowls, floor coverings, partitions. You will need to install milk coolers, a maternity ward. It is necessary to insulate hangars. It will also be costly. If the hangar is being built on 50 cows, you will need to invest 2.5 million rubles in it.
This is followed by the acquisition of special equipment, household equipment. For full farm management, you need to purchase at least one tractor. It will be needed for the delivery of feed, garbage, waste. This special equipment will be indispensable when you need to mow grass. The MTZ-80 model with additional equipment is quite suitable. At the same time, the purchase of used equipment is quite acceptable. It is important that it does not need repairs. At this stage, the business plan of the dairy farm provides for approximately 500-900 thousand rubles.
Animals
Obviously, you will need to spend money on buying animals. The costs for this item can be very different. It all depends on what kind of cattle the owner of the enterprise chooses: whether it will be dairy cows or raised heifers. If two or three dairy cows will cost at least 60 thousand rubles, then three-month-old heifers will cost 10 thousand rubles, but it will be necessary to grow them. If you buy young animals, the savings will be significant. However, the development of a dairy farm will have to be postponed in this case for at least a year. Investments for the purchase and delivery of 50 cows will amount to 6 million rubles.
Tax systems
After purchasing equipment for a dairy farm, it will be necessary to register a business. If the enterprise is family owned, it is recommended to register it as a peasant farm. One member of the family will be proclaimed the head of the household, and the rest - his members. The registration procedure will last 5 days, it will cost 1 thousand rubles.
The tax system will be the Unified Social Tax. This is the most profitable option for such an enterprise. In this case, the owner of the farm will pay 6% of the profits in favor of the state.
Products
When drawing up a business plan for a dairy farm, it is necessary to determine in advance the products to be produced. Neglect of this item can lead to the collapse of the project in the initial stages. It is best to focus the technology of the dairy farm on the production of various products in large volumes. Clients will be processing enterprises. Enough to get a few of these partners, and life will become much easier.
The increase in income is facilitated by the installation of a processing plant. On it it will be possible to carry out the production of cottage cheese, sour cream, kefir, cheese. The advantage of such a production is that the cost of the final products will be much higher than milk.
But it is permissible to produce exclusively milk. Indeed, in the processing and production of other products, it will be necessary to use more equipment for the dairy farm, and a lot of money will have to be invested.
Revenue
The company's income directly depends on how productive livestock is and how high the initial price of milk is. Keep in mind that on average one cow produces 5,000 liters annually. In the most successful firms, this figure doubles. Consequently, 50 cows will bring the farm about 250 thousand liters. However, forming a business plan for a dairy farm, you need to rely on average indicators. The wholesale cost of 1 liter of milk is approximately 23 rubles. The revenue in this case is 5 million 750 thousand rubles.
Costs
The most important expense item will be the payment of salaries to employees. For four people will go 60 thousand rubles a month. In a year it will be 720 thousand rubles. Due to official employment, it will be necessary to additionally pay deductions to the PFR and the FSS. The cost of this will be 30% of the salary. That is, about 216 thousand rubles will be spent on insurance premiums.
The next item of expenditure is the purchase of feed. According to official figures, a feed for 15 thousand rubles is annually spent per cow. But much will depend on the characteristics of the particular region in which the production takes place. As a rule, dairy farms need to provide 750 thousand rubles for the purchase of feed for 50 cows annually.
Animals will need the services of veterinarians. Otherwise, the sale of products will become impossible. The cost of veterinary services per cow will amount to 2 thousand rubles per year. If there are 50 animals, you will need to spend 50-100 thousand rubles.
If the land has not been acquired, you will need to pay a rent for it. This will take at least 100 thousand rubles a year. It is also worth considering utility bills - at least 50 thousand rubles a year will go for 50 goals.
Among other expenses, expenses for minor repairs of hangars and equipment are listed. It is worth considering the possibility of unforeseen expenses. This article is better to set aside about 150 thousand rubles a year.
To summarize this information, approximately 2,136,000 rubles will amount to the cost of maintaining a dairy farm per year. Net profit will be about 3.3 million rubles, net of taxes.
Governmental support
It should be borne in mind that the state provides support to sectors related to agriculture. The rules for dairy farms are not strict. There are also opportunities for financial assistance - subsidies. So, in Ulyanovsk, an entrepreneur who organizes an enterprise in the field of agriculture can count on free assistance from the state in the amount of 1.8 million rubles.
In recent decades, the authorities are increasingly interested in the development of agriculture in the country. In some regions, subsidies are allocated more than in the rest. Financial assistance is issued on the basis of competitions for entrepreneurs. To participate in them, the farmer must have an enterprise that has been operating for more than three years.
Step-by-step plan
It is recommended to begin the creation of a business plan for a dairy farm by registering an IP and collecting all the necessary documentation. After this, the construction of the hangar is allowed. It is best to provide for it several departments designed for different needs. After you need to purchase all the necessary equipment, feed, animals.
You will need to obtain permission from the veterinary service. You will also need to regularly undergo quality checks of manufactured products. If the owner of the enterprise plans to supply products for outlets, you will need a permit proving their quality.
Production technology
Production technologies mean the care, feeding, raising of livestock and its maintenance. If each element of the technology is performed in an optimal way, as a result, labor costs for the production of the maximum number of products will become minimal.
Production technology is divided into three varieties. Firstly, we are talking about tethered production with the implementation of milking in the stalls. Secondly, it is a company with a separate room for milking. Thirdly, it’s loose production technology.
The last option is the hardest to implement. However, this is what will ultimately help reduce the share of manual labor in production. Most often, in the territory of the Russian Federation, a tethered option is implemented when milking is carried out in a stall.
Subtleties
Keep in mind that you can breed cows in the finished building of the former farm. And it will be much more profitable than the construction of even small workshops for a dozen cows. To begin construction, you will need to get the appropriate documentation. A much simpler way would be to rent a former farm with subsequent repair of the premises.
To keep cattle, it will be necessary to maintain the temperature in the hangar at least 12 degrees. Cows will also need grass stock. This is livestock feed for the winter. In the summer, it can be virtually free if there are fields and pastures around the farm.
In many ways, farm income will depend on livestock. Some cows are known to have high milk yield. Due to this property, the payback periods are much shorter. Profit at the same time is growing steadily. If the initial capital is not too much, it is quite possible to start with just 10 cows. Indeed, in the future livestock it will not be difficult to increase, having formed a whole workshop for 100 animals.
Milk is considered a strategically important product in the country. Its main importer to the Russian Federation is Belarus, accounting for 16%. For the most part, the production of this product is established in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Krasnodar, Rostov. It should be borne in mind that importers used to make very serious competition to Russian farmers. The development of production in the latter was significantly slowed down.
However, after this, the state launched large-scale support for domestic farms. The policy in this area was revised, and the road for Russian dairy farms was open. The assortment of dairy products on the shelves is now increasingly represented by domestic goods. Beginning entrepreneurs should take into account that competition will be carried out with large monopolists. They produce products in special packaging, which allows them to be stored for a long time.
However, equipment for such production is expensive. For full competition, significant investments will be required for this reason. It is important to take into account the fact that there has been a tendency to increase milk production in domestic enterprises.
However, the process of organizing an enterprise of this kind is quite creative, and there is room for non-standard moves. This can take advantage of novice entrepreneurs who are in search of a niche in this segment of the business.