All people, at least once in their lives, make speech mistakes. There are thousands of examples, especially when it comes to the Russian language, which, as you know, is rich and diverse. But you need to speak correctly, therefore it is better to engage in the development of your speech. For your own development, it is worth knowing what types of speech errors exist and what needs to be done to avoid their use.
Speech and its specifics
Speech is an abstract category that cannot be directly perceived. It is also an important indicator of human culture, thinking and, of course, intelligence. Talking, you can learn many things, understand the difficulties associated with society, nature, and transmit the information received in a communicative way. But everyone makes mistakes - both in oral and in written language. And in order to achieve perfection in terms of knowledge of the Russian language, it is necessary to recognize all errors - from stylistic to speech. And for a start I would like to touch on the topic of concepts. What are speech errors in Russian? This is a deviation from existing language norms. You can live peacefully without knowing about them, however, how effective the communication of such a person with the others will be is a question. It just might be misunderstood.
Pronunciation
It is worth briefly listing the types of speech errors that exist in Russian. So, these are pronunciation, lexical, phraseological, stylistic, spelling, morphological, punctuation and, finally, syntactic. The first of those listed are those mistakes that were made due to spelling disorders. The most common speech errors in the Russian language. If a person says instead of “almost” the word “send”, confuses accents (“alcohol” - “alcohol”), reduces “thousand” to “thousand” - this means that he allows such blots that are shameful for a native speaker.
Lexicology
Speaking about the types of speech errors, one cannot help but pay attention to the lexical ones. They are also quite common. These include those blots that occur due to the use of phrases or words in the sense that is unusual for them. Thus, the morpheme form of words is distorted, as well as the rules of semantic coordination. By the way, in lexicology there is also a classification of speech errors. There are three types. The first is a mixture of those words that are close to each other in meaning. Some manage to put it this way: "I will stand on foot." The second type is a mixture of those words that are close in sound. It occurs quite often: single - ordinary, clarinet - cornet, escalator - excavator, etc. And finally, the third type of error is a mixture of words that are close in sound and in meaning. Often confused the addressee with the addressee, and the diplomat with the diplomat. It is impossible not to say about “copyright” errors. To be more precise, the writing of nonexistent words. For example, “Georgian”, “Motorbik”, “heroism”, etc.
Semantic matching
Violating the meaning of a sentence by introducing an inappropriate word into it is also a frequent speech error. Examples can be taken from everyday life: “I raise this toast.” You can’t say that, because to “raise” means to move something. A toast is solemn words. They can’t be raised in any way. Therefore, it is better in this case either to replace “toast” with the word “glass” or instead of “raise” say “I pronounce”. In both cases, it will be both competent and logical. By the way, on the same example you can understand how to determine a speech error and what needs to be done to avoid it altogether. Before you utter a phrase, the correctness of which is in doubt, you should remember the meaning of the words involved in its construction. As is the case with the given example. Tautologies and so-called pleonasms are also often found in speech. The latter include combinations of two words that are completely identical. The most striking example is the phrase “huge metropolis”. Better to say “big city”. After all, the “metropolis” is translated in that way, so there is no need to add the definition of “huge” here. By analyzing, thus, everything that you want to say, you will be able to avoid a lot of mistakes. In addition, such training develops speech and thinking. And finally, tautology. Everything is simple: “saw the video”, “shot with arrows”, “set the task”, “did the job”, etc. Here synonyms save - you can replace one word with another - and the phrase will already look more logical.
Morphological and syntactic illiteracy
Suggestions with speech errors related to morphological can be heard every day - in the market, in the subway, on the street, in the store. We are talking about the incorrect formation of a particular word. People who are fluent in Russian, such “pearls” cut the ear. Let's say “play the piano”, “it was cheaper there”, “one jeans”, “that towel”, etc. In this case, you just need to memorize words so as not to use in the wrong form. Syntax errors are in the wrong combination of words. “Yesenin’s reading made a huge impression” - a logical question arises: did you read his works, or did Sergei Alexandrovich himself read? Or, for example, the sentence: “There are a lot of cans on the shelf” - this is clearly an incorrect agreement. And there are many such examples. Some people say this by chance, in a hurry, others because of ignorance. In any case, it is worth correcting yourself so that the interlocutor does not consider his opponent to be illiterate.
Spelling rules
People make grammatical and speech mistakes not only in the process of live communication. Many allow blots during correspondence, reporting, writing texts. These include spelling errors. Their person admits due to the fact that he does not know how to transfer, write or shorten words. They forget to put two “nn” instead of one, instead of “o” write “a”, neglect the soft signs at the end of the verbs on “w”. Errors can be insignificant (for example, a person missed a letter, having missed a key), and there are frank absurdities. There was even a case when a student made four mistakes in the word “hedgehog” by writing “Iosh.” However, this is a child who is just studying, and when adults, established personalities make absurd blots, this is at least strange. Therefore, you need to monitor your speech so that, as they say, do not get into trouble.
Logic in speech
Our speech should be logical - everyone knows this. Therefore, we must try not to violate the cause-effect relationship, not to skip the link in our explanations, not to rearrange parts of the sentence, and, of course, not to “run” ahead of our thoughts. To make it clear, you need to present the information as it can be understood by the interlocutors. It is not so difficult, you just need to concentrate on your thoughts.
Extended classification
Many speech errors were considered, examples of which clearly show what exactly this or that defect consists in. But in reality there are much more types of such “blots”, the expanded classification of speech errors, respectively, is more voluminous. Take, for example, mistakes in the unjustified use of certain words. “Thanks to you, he got sick” - offers like this are very common. The use of the word “thanks” is impossible, since it carries a completely different emotional connotation. And sometimes people make mistakes that even sound funny. For example, Gogol's “Nose” is filled with deep meaning ”or“ Two horses entered the courtyard. These were the sons of Taras Bulba ”- pronouns are very unsuccessfully used. By the way, poverty of a person’s vocabulary can also be attributed to speech errors. This is usually due to its small vocabulary. He often uses the same words, repeats a lot. This must also be avoided.
Speech development
Having examined speech errors, examples of such and finding out the nature of their occurrence, we can understand that speaking competently is not so easy. But almost every person wants to communicate in such a way that they understand him. To do this, you need to constantly work on yourself and your speech, developing it. How to prevent speech errors? For this you need to read fiction, visit exhibitions, museums and theaters, talk with smart and educated people. All this is necessary to expand your vocabulary and gain experience in terms of the use of certain words. By the way, a parallel can be drawn between such a development of speech and the study of a foreign language. After all, everyone knows that a person, getting into the language environment, assimilates it better. In this case, the same thing - communicating more with literate people and spending time on cultural events, you can become more educated.