A variety of teaching methods (including language) allow teachers to conduct rational and effective training for schoolchildren and students. Second generation federal educational standards include a section on the subject.
Pages of history
During the existence of Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Syria, there was lively trade between the countries, there were cultural ties, so even then the first methods of teaching a foreign language appeared. Particular attention was paid to the Latin language, which for fifteen centuries was considered the basis of European culture. His possession was considered an indicator of human education. To teach this language, a translation method of teaching was used, which was later borrowed in the study of German, French, and English. The natural method of teaching solved a practical problem - teaching speaking skills.
What are teaching methods
The teaching method is an essential component of the learning process. Without the use of certain techniques and techniques, it is impossible to realize the goals set, to make the process meaningful and high-quality.
In domestic pedagogy, the term "teaching method" implies not only general education, but also is used to consider individual sections - theory and practice.
Modern teaching methods are a multidimensional, complex pedagogical phenomenon. By them it is customary to mean options for achieving the goal, a set of operations and techniques of theoretical or practical development of reality, solving specific problems depending on the teaching discipline.
The teaching method is a system of targeted actions of the teacher, organizing the student’s practical and cognitive activity, which ensures the assimilation of the content of education.
The importance of teaching methods
It is thanks to pedagogical methods and techniques that the student and teacher interact, and various educational tasks are solved.
Many domestic scientists are convinced that the teaching method in the teaching of any academic discipline is the main tool of the teacher’s professional activity. This implies not only the organization of the teacher’s teaching work and educational activities of the student, but also the relationship between them, as well as activities that are aimed at achieving the educational, developing, educational goals of teaching.
In order to intensify the cognitive activity of the pupils, the teacher acts as a mentor, with the help of which the student comes from ignorance to knowledge, from a complete lack of knowledge to a solid base.
From the content-logical side, the teaching methods in school are those logical ways through which students consciously master skills, knowledge, and skills. Currently, they can be considered a form of movement, the implementation of the content of education.
Classification
In connection with the appearance of various names, the methods of teaching disciplines should be divided according to certain signs and components. Among the main features by which they are divided into separate groups, there are:
- The presence (absence) of learning the initial stock of knowledge. This group is characterized by the use of mixed, translated, direct teaching methods.
- Correlation between theory and practice of the formation of speaking skills. In this group, consciously-comparative, practical teaching methods are used.
- The use of specific mental states of students studying any academic discipline. It is supposed to use relaxation, auto-training, and sleep states.
- Alternative (suggestive) and traditional (standard) technologies for teaching disciplines.
In addition, the methods and techniques of teaching a foreign language are divided by the method of organizing educational activities into two groups. Management of mental activity can be taken over by the teacher or the students themselves.
Basic teaching methods
In didactics, teaching methods are distinguished by the specifics of the activities of students and teachers. It:
- work with educational literature;
- story;
- demonstration experiments;
- briefings;
- Conversations
- exercises;
- lectures.
By source of knowledge
GEF of the second generation allow the teacher to use any educational discipline of visual, verbal techniques.
For example, in the study of chemistry, the combination of visualization and laboratory experiments will be optimal. Thanks to problematic learning, a motivation for cognitive interest in the study of this complex but interesting science is carried out.
In geography lessons, the teacher actively uses visual tables, and in history, he offers children a video describing historical events in order to build a logical chain together with his students.
Thanks to the modeling of problem situations at the lessons of social studies, children receive information about social and social relations, independently solve specific problems proposed by the teacher of this educational discipline.
Analytical method
It was used in France, in England, in Switzerland, but in Russia it was practically not used. The basis of this learning method was vocabulary. To create a sufficient vocabulary, the students were mechanically memorized original literary works in their native and foreign languages, then line-by-line literal translation was used, and the meaning of what was read was analyzed.
The Swiss Alexander Shovann was convinced that one can start full-fledged education only after the students have developed their native language skills, as well as other academic disciplines regarding the choice of a future profession: mathematics, physics, biology, geography, chemistry.
It was he who was offered a parallel study of the native and foreign languages, based on the connection of several academic disciplines. Instead of an abstract study of grammar, this approach involved the analysis of a variety of situations, the accumulation of vocabulary. Only after the student had a sufficient stock of words, the teacher proceeded to explain the theoretical foundations.
In a modern school, the forms and methods of teaching are divided according to the degree of activity of schoolchildren into explanatory, search, illustrative, problematic, research types. They are used by teachers of different subjects, trying to synthesize several methods taking into account the individual characteristics of children.
According to the logic of the approach, methods, in addition to analytical, are also divided into deductive, inductive, synthetic.
Hamilton Methodology
James Hamilton based the educational process on the use of original texts, as well as the use of interlinear translation. This approach has found application in the teaching of literature, Russian, foreign languages.
First, the teacher read the text many times, then the students voiced it, then individual phrases were analyzed. The specifics of the teacher’s work was that the initial text was repeated many times, both collectively and individually by each student.
Grammatical analysis was carried out after the teacher understood that the students read the text consciously, they fully understood its meaning. The emphasis was on the formation of speaking skills.
Jacototo Technology
Jean Zhakoto believed that any person is able to achieve his goal, because he has good natural data for this. He was sure that any original text includes the necessary linguistic facts, having learned which, the student will be able to master the grammatical basis of foreign speech, understand the theoretical foundations of any subject of the scientific and humanitarian cycle.
In psychology, this method is called analogy; in a modern school, it is used in chemistry, biology, geography, and mathematics.
Features of the pedagogical process
Over a long period of time, the learning process in the school consisted of three stages:
- the mnemonic part , involving the mechanical memorization of the proposed sample;
- analytical part , consisting in the analysis of acquired information;
- the synthetic part , which was to use the knowledge gained in relation to the new material.
In order to consolidate new knowledge in the learning process, written and oral exercises, stories, laboratory and practical work, analysis of individual fragments of the text, dialogs were used.
The lexical-translation method has become a more progressive version of teaching students language and other academic disciplines, which is why it is in demand today.
Mixed method
It was quite actively used in the 30s of the twentieth century in our country. Its essence consisted in the development of speech activity, in which reading instruction stood out as priorities. The teachers of secondary schools were given the task of educating the patriot of their country, who can communicate in several languages, know the basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography.
Methodists were convinced that it was necessary to subdivide the material into receptive and productive species. At the initial stage, the “practical” study of the material was meant at an intuitive level, and due attention was not paid to its awareness.
Conclusion
Currently, among the numerous methods and techniques used by teachers of secondary schools, the system-active communicative method is one of the most progressive. It is used by teachers of different educational disciplines and consists in the use of scientific material, considered in the lessons, as a means of socialization, interpersonal communication.
The new state federal standards introduced in educational institutions are aimed at creating students' aspirations for self-development, self-improvement, therefore, teachers actively use personal learning technologies, an individual approach, design and research activities, and technology for creating problematic situations.