There are several ways of action of drugs. So, local means a complex of effects that appear at the injection site. Creams, ointments, some anesthetics, etc. possess it. Resorptive effect - this is the effect on the body that the medication exerts after absorption and into the bloodstream.
Resorptive effect
It is inherent in most drugs. It can be direct when the therapeutic effect is caused by the direct reaction of the substance to certain structures of the organ, and indirect, in the event of which the effect of the drug on the body occurs indirectly.
For example, the antihypertensive effect of clonidine is associated with its effect on the hypothalamic centers of vascular coordination, and in papaverine, with a direct effect on the vessels. The resorptive effect depends on the route of drug intake into the body of an individual, as well as on his ability to pass through biological barriers. Thus, a resorptive action is the action of a substance after absorption and penetration into the blood. It is provided by chemotherapeutic, narcotic, cardiovascular and some other groups of medicines.
Reflex action
After absorption, the substances are also able to exert a reflex effect, accumulating and irritating receptors in some organs, and the effect of this is recorded in others. For example, “Cititon”, acting on receptors located in the region of the synocarotid (reflexogenic) zone, provokes reflex excitation of the vasomotor and respiratory center of the medulla oblongata.
Thus, substances that cause local changes and irritating receptors are able to exert an effect in the working organ along efferent nerve fibers.
In this case, local and reflex changes occur. The first is manifested by an increase in metabolism, redness. And reflex ones - by increased breathing, increased secretion of bronchial glands. For example, the action of mustard plasters is manifested:
- local irritation, i.e., redness of the skin is observed;
- reflex or reflected, aimed at increasing the body's defenses.
The following pharmacological groups of drugs have a reflex effect:
- expectorant;
- annoying;
- digestive
- laxatives.
For the best manifestation of this action, it is necessary to choose places rich in receptors - dermis, mucous membranes and others.
Ethyl alcohol: pharmacological action
It is the resorptive effect of ethyl alcohol that provokes addiction. Most of the population uses alcohol-containing fluids, but only some of them suffer from such addiction as alcoholism. The intake of ethanol in small doses has the following effect on the individual's body:
- soothing;
- improves digestion;
- increases appetite.
In addition, regular daily intake of small doses (about twenty milliliters) of this fluid reduces the risk of developing angina attacks and myocardial infarction. This phenomenon is associated with a decrease in blood coagulability and cholesterol concentration. But it is important to remember that the constant use of high doses of ethanol has a negative and destructive effect on the body:
- the ability to self-control is lost;
- there is a malfunction in the central nervous system;
- withdrawal symptoms develop.
In practical medicine, alcohol is used as an antimicrobial and irritant. As a means of resorptive action, it is used to a limited extent, mainly as a warming substance or a supplier of easily digestible energy for severely depleted patients.
The resorptive effect is manifested in the form of anesthesia and has some features. The individual has pronounced motor, sexual and speech disinhibition. The phase of excitement is quite long, while consciousness remains. There is no stage of anesthesia. The anesthesia phase is rather quickly replaced by agonal.
Resorptive drugs
The absorption of these medicines is carried out in the digestive tract, and then they are excreted by the mucous membrane of the bronchi, enhance the excretion of the bronchi, facilitate expectoration by diluting the secretion.
Expectorant medicines containing iodine, together with leukocyte proteases, activate the breakdown of protein substances of sputum. These include:
- Pertussin;
- Terpinghydrate;
- "Potassium iodide";
- "Sodium iodide";
- ammonia anise drops;
- thyme herb;
- tincture of eucalyptus.
Hemostatic agents
They include medicines with which they stop bleeding. They are divided into resorptive drugs (a hemostatic effect occurs when it enters the bloodstream) and a skin-resorptive effect (the same effect occurs when the drug comes into contact with bleeding tissues). Depending on the effect on the mechanisms of hemostasis, antihemorrhagic drugs of resorptive action are secreted.
Specific drugs - Fibrinogen, Vikasol, Protamine sulfate, non-specific - Hemofobin.
Resorptive selective action
In another way it is called elective. A resorptive effect is when a number of tissues of an individual's body are capable of showing high sensitivity to the drug. The reason is the great similarity of the drug to the biochemical reactions of a particular organ. For example, iodine intensely penetrates only the thyroid gland. In such cases, doctors state that the drug has a selective effect on this organ. Such drugs have a fairly narrow range of therapeutic effects, they are less dangerous and most preferred when choosing a therapy.
Conclusion
There are two modifications (direct and indirect) of the resorptive action. A reflex is called such a property when the pharmacological components in medicines have the ability to affect the sensitive ends of the dermis, mucous membranes, nerves, and vascular chemoreceptors. They cause the appearance of involuntary reactions from organs that are located at some distance from the place where the substance came into contact with sensitive receptors.
For example, the drug "Lobelin", which is administered intravenously. It excites the chemoreceptors of the carotid glomerulus and reflexively stimulates the respiratory center, causing an increase in the frequency and volume of respiration.
The resorptive effect is when, just as with local influence, sensitive receptors are excited, initiating reflex reactions.