It's no secret that a person is exposed to many dangers every day. Even being at home, you risk crippling or dying, and dangerous situations in the city lie in wait at every corner. “How scary to live, it turns out!”, You say. Not really. If you follow the simplest safety rules, then such situations can be prevented and avoided. In addition, knowing how to behave, you can minimize the unpleasant consequences.
What is a dangerous situation? Definition
To begin with, let's figure out what situation can be called really dangerous. If we asked a child about five years old, he subjectively could answer that a dangerous situation is when, for example, a favorite toy breaks. Well, we will give an exact definition.
A dangerous situation is circumstances in which a serious threat to human health or life, the state of the environment or property arises. They can occur suddenly and require an immediate reaction.
What is an emergency?
In this article we will talk not only about dangerous, but also about emergency situations. The latter occur as a result of a disaster, natural disaster, an accident at a large enterprise. They can cause or have caused multiple deaths of people, huge material damage, a sharp deterioration in environmental conditions.
Typology
All dangerous situations can be divided into three groups, depending on the cause of their occurrence:
1. Natural in nature.
2. Technogenic character.
3. Public character.
Rampant elements
Natural hazardous situations can be divided into 8 groups. Classification is based on their origin. Consider examples of dangerous situations. In addition, we will divide them according to types.
1. Open our list called "Dangerous emergencies of a natural nature" cosmogenic catastrophes. Perhaps they have the most massive consequences. Cosmogenic hazards include the fall of asteroids, meteor showers, magnetic storms, as well as the collision of our planet with comets and meteorites. The consequences of such phenomena are truly terrifying, but, fortunately, scientists are able to track the trajectories of celestial bodies and will be able to warn people about the danger. In addition, small meteorites can be knocked out of orbit and change their course, so that humanity is not threatened with death from "stones from space".
2. Geophysical. The city of Pompeii has been wiped off the face of the earth, and Japan is constantly suffering precisely because of geophysical phenomena. Guessed? In this category we include volcanic eruptions, as well as earthquakes. Feel the horror of a geophysical disaster will help the picture of the artist Karl Bryullov, which became the peak of his career.
3. Meteorological. These are severe storms, hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. There is still no one definite theory about why hurricanes and tornadoes occur. This happened due to the fact that the processes that occur inside the "funnel" are very difficult to study. However, scientists suggest that this occurs at the junction of a warm and cold
atmospheric front. Tornadoes have serious destructive power, and it was not for nothing that the ancient people considered them to be God's punishment.
4. Geological. This category includes landslides, landslides, avalanches, subsidence of the earth's surface, karst, erosion, dust storms. The threat of "white death", as avalanches are called, will always exist for those who like to relax in the ski resorts.
An avalanche can form from dry snow after a snowfall in the cold, snow at this time practically does not cling to each other, and a powder-like mass will be ready to fall down at a tremendous speed from a slight vibration of the earth or a loud sound. The air will be filled with dust from the snow, and the skier will painfully die, suffocating.
An avalanche of wet snow will occur if the thermometer shows 0 degrees Celsius. If you like to ski or snowboard in the mountains, then remember the golden rule: where an avalanche once descended, it will descend again.
Natural hazardous situations are very predictable, be sure to use the above information.
5. Hydrometeorological. These are showers, snowfalls, a large hail, severe drought, a sharp drop in temperatures, unbearable heat, a blizzard. Such situations seriously threaten the crop, and can also contribute to the development of diseases. If abnormal heat, cold, precipitation is announced in your area, then try not to leave your house, otherwise you risk spending the near future in a hospital.
6. Hydrological. These situations are directly related to water, you guessed it. These are floods, flooding, the early appearance of ice on the rivers along which ships sail, lowering and rising water levels. Sounds, of course, not as scary as the eruption of a volcano, but that's just no less dangerous in fact. It threatens with crop loss, material losses, and soil damage.
7. Marine hydrological. These include typhoon, tsunami, severe storm, ice drift, as well as icing of ships.
Why can ships freeze? The main reason is the so-called splashing of the vessel. Due to the wind or impacts of the wave on board, the sea water is in the air for some time, it quickly cools in the cold, therefore, over time, an ice crust appears on the skin, which only grows and grows, and then covers more and more areas.
This immensely interferes with the movement: handling is greatly deteriorated, a roll occurs, and speed decreases. This phenomenon is fraught with many dangers.
8. Natural fires. Why do they arise? Sometimes this happens due to severe drought, trees and soil dry to such an extent that they light up. But often peatlands break out. In addition, peat has the ability to self-ignite and burn under water! Natural hazardous situations often develop according to an unpredictable scenario.
Technogenic world
We learned what dangerous natural emergencies are, now we will consider man-made emergencies. They are always associated with human production activities, and most often their consequences are environmental damage and a large number of deaths. Consider the categories and examples of dangerous situations.
1. Transport accidents. The number of people killed on the roads is steadily growing. As of 2013, the gloomy figures are as follows: one and a half million deaths per year. According to preliminary estimates of experts, unfortunately, by 2030 there is a chance that mortality will be almost 3.5 million people a year! In developed countries, transport accidents in fifth place are in fifth place along with tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. It is also worth mentioning about the crash of aircraft and trains, about accidents on ships and submarines. As a result, the number of deaths in transport is horrific.
2. Sudden collapse of buildings and structures. This happens when the materials lose their former strength or the building was built poorly, in the wrong place.
If you notice cracks on the facade of your own home, we recommend that you contact the appropriate services, for example, in the housing and communal services. There are special programs for relocating people from emergency buildings.
Fires and explosions
We are all prone to error. Likewise, electronics cannot last forever without any deviations. In a building, at a storage facility for combustible substances, in the subway, next to an unexploded ordnance ... There are many places where something can catch fire, explode and often cause irreparable damage. This is a really dangerous situation. OBZH from primary school teaches us what to do in case of fire in a building, how to behave, where to go. Recall again these simple rules:
- Call firefighters immediately by dialing 112 or 01.
- Do not panic. In this state, you can do stupid things.
- Proceed to extinguish a fire with water only if there is no danger of electric shock.
- If the smoke concentration is high, cover the respiratory organs with a damp cloth or handkerchief, move on all fours, since harmful substances in the smoke are lighter than air and rise up.
- If there is a danger of electric shock, turn off the power and appliances.
- Flammable liquids are not allowed to be filled with water! Use sand, a fire extinguisher, a wet rag, or cloth.
- Never open windows. Fire needs oxygen in order to flare up even more.
- If you are unable to liquidate the fire on your own, leave the room urgently, inform others, wait for firefighters.
- If the path outside the building is cut off for you, go to the balcony, closing the door tightly, wait for help, call passers-by.
- Do not enter the premises if the smoke concentration is high, that is, visibility is less than ten meters.
- After leaving the building, in no case do not go back. Wait for the rescuers to arrive.
The Chernobyl accident
Now we turn to the most destructive and dangerous. Accidents at nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power stations, power plants and wastewater treatment plants. There are very few such disasters, but each of them crashes into memory. The consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are emissions of harmful chemicals hazardous to life. Emergencies at hydroelectric power plants threaten floods, breakthroughs of dams. The accident at the power plant threatens to turn off the lights in the area it serves. And many of these disasters take tens, hundreds, thousands of lives.
Perhaps such things are not forgotten. Everyone remembers the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant that occurred on April twenty-sixth, 1986. A huge amount of toxic and radioactive substances appeared in the air. The radiation level in some areas is still thousands of times higher than permissible. This catastrophe was the cruelest lesson for all of humanity. It is recognized as the largest in the history of nuclear energy.
This is what the engine room of the fourth power unit looks like today. Here the highest level of radiation, finding even in special suits is extremely dangerous. After a failure in the reactor and the release of harmful substances, a day passed before people began to be evacuated from the danger zone. Everything around was covered with white coating, but the children continued to walk in the streets, as if nothing had happened. It was unbearable heat, people went fishing, the beach, while everything around almost lit up from the radiation. As a result of this neglect, thousands of people died from severe radiation sickness.
Pripyat has become a ghost town. For several decades now no one has been living here. Everyone knows what sad consequences this dangerous situation entailed. OBZH already in high school considers the consequences and causes of such global disasters, so that from childhood we would realize the horror of such situations and do everything in our power to prevent them. Surprisingly, rare species of representatives of flora and fauna settled in Pripyat and surrounding areas. By the way, people even live here.
Dangerous situations of a public nature
To these we can attribute extremely unfavorable phenomena and processes taking place in society that pose a direct threat to a person’s life, his rights and freedoms, as well as property.
The cause of social hazards
Let's look at the source of these problems. Such situations occur due to the fact that people cannot solve any important problems of politics, economics, culture, ethics and so on. Humanity did not live up to the hopes of philosophers and humanists, for example, about the victory over hunger and the help of those in need. These problems become more acute over time and cause resonance in society. The starting point of dangerous situations of this type can be unemployment, inflation, nationalism, crises, low living standards, corruption, etc. In such situations, one will think of committing suicide, the other - robbing a store, killing a person, raping someone, taking revenge and so on Further. Some initiative people come up with the following thought: “Something needs to be changed. But since the government is not listening to me, I will have to proceed with radical actions.” And then they organize a revolution. Well, at the worst end, to some fanatic with mental disabilities comes the idea of uniting the whole world under his command, creating an ideal race, reducing the world's population, etc. No less destructive is the banal desire "to take this tidbit of land for yourself" or the desire to kill others.
Hazard types
Thus, dangerous and emergency situations of a social nature are divided into two types:
1. Actually social. They can be aimed at the health of a particular person (suicide, drug addiction, social diseases, zombies from sects, blackmail, hostage taking, violence, terror). This once again confirms the fact that dangerous situations in the city await us at every turn.
2. The military. Situations during which conventional, nuclear, or newest weapons are used, such as biological, genetic, and radiation.
Conclusion
Dangerous and emergency situations occur everywhere, but they occur in the vast majority of cases precisely through the fault of the person himself. We need to think logically, learn to make quick and correct decisions, to anticipate the possible consequences of our own actions, otherwise all of humanity will die from our own shortsightedness. Be prudent!