Speech is a necessary means of human communication. The scope of its application determines the division into varieties, which are called functional styles. In total there are five of them: scientific, official business, journalistic, conversational and artistic. Each of the styles is implemented both in oral and written forms, has its own lexical, syntactic, morphological features.
Speech types are also singled out separately. The table presented in this article will help to understand this issue.
Functional
styles of speech find their realization in various genres -
forms of speech, which are characterized by certain ways of expressing thoughts. Such methods of presentation are divided into types of speech. The table will be presented below. It is worth noting that individual subspecies may overlap in practice.
Let's move on to detailing the topic "Styles and types of speech in Russian."
Functional forms of presentation of information
What are the types, styles of speech? As we have already said, five functional types of presentation of information are defined in the Russian language. Consider each.
Scientific style of speech.
This is a functional kind of speech, the main field of application of which is science. The main purpose is the communication of information and confirmation of its truth, the identification of causal relationships and their study. Types, styles, genres of speech of a scientific direction are widely used in higher educational institutions.
The main feature of vocabulary is the presence of terms and the absence of figurative means of speech. In the morphological aspect, the feature of this style is the use of a large number of verbal nouns, service verbs in combination with nouns, present tense verbs of imperfect form, singular nouns in the plural, I-person plural pronouns. The syntax is characterized by the presence of introductory words, homogeneous members of a sentence, complex subordinate, generalized personal, impersonal and indefinite personal sentences.
The implementation of the scientific style is carried out in the following genres: scientific articles, monographs, lectures, dissertations, textbooks.
Other types of speech will be described below. The table chart will help to understand this issue in more detail.
Formal Business Speech
This type is used in public administration and law. Its function is to streamline, standardize information, the goal is the regulation of relations. The key word when considering an official business style is “standardization,” that is, certain forms inherent in vocabulary, morphology, and syntax.
The features of official-business style
vocabulary are the presence of
professional vocabulary, phraseological units, archaisms, historicisms, clericalism, abbreviations.
The morphological features of this kind of speech can be considered the presence of verbs of indefinite form (infinitive), modal words, the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative ones, the use of masculine nouns instead of the feminine nouns, the use of nouns that name a person’s sign in action, derived prepositions, verbal nouns with a particle " not ", complex words formed from several basics.
Syntactic features: the use of nouns in the genitive case according to the increasing construction, the predominance of complex sentences, the presence of simple sentences with homogeneous members.
The variety of genres of official business style is due to its subdivision into official documentary and everyday business style. The first regulates the state sphere of management, and the second - business communication. Types of documents of official documentary style: laws, regulations, agreements, decrees, communiqués.
Types of documents of everyday business style: protocols, statements, memos, acts, powers of attorney.
Journalistic style of speech
This type is inherent in the media, the main purpose of which is evaluative information and impact on the emotional-volitional sphere of a person.
The lexical features of the journalistic style can be considered a compilation of speech means: the use of terminology, neologisms, synonyms, clericalism, which is due to the primary tasks of this style, aimed at influencing the reader, viewer. Journalism may use journalistic types and styles of speech. The table below describes the features of this type of presentation of information.
Features of grammatical forms in a journalistic style are manifested in the use of complex words, substantivating adjectives and participles. The syntax of a journalistic style is distinguished by the use of single-compound sentences, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.
The breadth of genres of journalistic type of speech is possible due to its functions: information and impact. In addition, one can distinguish such substrates: informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic. An information type of speech is considered to be a note, reportage, interview; analytical - review, review; artistic and journalistic - essay.
Spoken style
This type of presentation of information covers the sphere of everyday communication of people, which leaves an imprint on its features. The most widely used are conversational types and styles of speech. The table below describes their difference from other species.
Features of the morphology of the colloquial style: the predominance of verbs of multiple, single action, widespread use of pronouns, minimal use of participles and participles.
Artistic style of speech.
This type is used for writing works. Lexical features of this type: synonymy, occasionalisms, phraseological units, pathways, the use of words in a figurative meaning.
The morphological features of the artistic style are the widespread use of adjectives, adverbs, verbs, the predominance of the feminine and neuter gender in nouns.
Syntactically, artistic speech uses the whole variety of Russian language constructions. The genres of this style are: story, novel, novel, ode, poem.
Types of speech. Table
The content side of speech is characterized by communicative ways of expressing thoughts, which are defined as types of speech. These include narrative, description and reasoning. Consider the types of speech in more detail. The table will help a deeper understanding.
So, narration is a verbal way of expressing thoughts in dynamic development. The following composition is inherent in the story: the plot - development - culmination - denouement. The narrative is characterized by the use of verbs and adverbs. This method of presentation is most characteristic of journalistic, colloquial and artistic styles of speech.
Description is a type of presentation of information that “depicts” objects, natural phenomena, conveys their assessment. Compositionally, this type of speech is structured as follows: a general idea of ​​the subject — individual attributes of the subject — conclusions, author's judgments. The description is characterized by the use of verbs of imperfect form, simple, incomplete, nominal sentences.
Reasoning is a type of speech in which cause-effect relationships are presented, which leads to the following structure: thesis - argument - conclusion. For reasoning, the use of introductory words, complex syntactic constructions is typical .
Key data describing the types of speech will be presented in the table below.
Type of speech | Composition | Features |
the narrative | plot - development - climax - denouement | primary use of verbs and adverbs |
description | general idea of ​​the subject - individual features of the subject - conclusions, author's judgments | the use of imperfective verbs, simple, incomplete, nominal sentences |
reasoning | thesis - argument - conclusion | use of introductory words, complex syntactic constructions |
Summarize
The styles and types of speech considered by us in the Russian language are not static. People independently choose a form of communication for themselves. Often borderline styles of presentation of information are mixed. This is due to the social function of speech.