If people are asked what associations the word “satellite” causes for them, most of them will begin to talk about planets, space, and the moon. Few people know that this concept also takes place in the urban sphere. Satellite cities are a special kind of settlements. As a rule, this is a city, urban-type settlement (PGT) or a village located 30 km from the center, factories, plants or nuclear power plants. If any large settlement has a sufficient number of satellites, they are combined into an agglomeration.
The decision to start the construction of such cities is made by the local government, sometimes state authorities. Over time, they “merge” with the center and become one with it.
Key Features
All satellite cities have fairly close ties with the "main" city. There is a constant migration due to work, study, work. All satellite cities affect a large settlement absolutely as well as it affects them.
Geo-urban studies the settlements, their functional capabilities, etc. Scientists working in this field determine that satellites are all cities and villages that are highly dependent on the center. That is why their lists are constantly growing, regardless of the official number. A vivid example is the Moscow agglomeration. On paper, Moscow is the owner of one city dependent on it (Zelenograd), and in fact it has more than 16 satellites. The same situation with Peter. Its official satellite city is the South, although in reality there are several.
Satellite cities in Russia
At the time when agglomerations appeared, the number of people in small cities increased in the Russian Federation. The only exception was Peter (aka St. Petersburg) due to the fact that it was built almost at the same time as residences, fortresses and special centers of industry.
“Fashion” for satellite cities appeared in the 20th century. Thanks to their existence, problems related to the social sphere, economic and urban planning, were resolved.
Despite the fact that most of the small settlements were built relatively recently, the leading place remains for the villages, which eventually turned into urban settlements. Basically, all the major cities of Russia have territories that are subordinate to a particular center. Only Khabarovsk, Omsk, Kurgan, Tyumen and some others are deprived of subordinate territories.
In addition to the classification by area, there are satellite cities that differ in scientific and intellectual development. They are united in one group - "science cities".
Specialization
The main role of satellites is to contribute to various areas of the state. All of them, according to economic specialization, are divided into certain groups:
- resort;
- residential (have the name "sleeping area");
- industrial (for example, Novovoronezh);
- transport (Lipetsk, Saransk);
- trading;
- student
- financial;
- military;
- historical.
In addition to this classification, satellites are also divided into:
- Class. They are formed because of the desire of the population to leave the polluted city and settle in their own house. This mainly refers to an elite society. At the moment, there are a sufficient number of closed cottage villages.
- Racial and ethnic. Due to the development of racism and all subsequent problems, certain races come together in one village. The lion's share of “immigrants” is occupied by Asians and Hispanics. In the United States, there are special areas for “white” and “black” people. Recently, the Moscow agglomeration began to encounter this kind of division.
NPP satellite city
At nuclear power plants, satellite cities may also exist. As a result of the fact that the construction process of the station is rather laborious, and the construction of nuclear power plants is started in the last turn, the construction camp is first erected.
Those settlements that are being built at nuclear power plants are distinguished by the availability of labor resources, electricity, economics and design. If we compare the adjacent to the centers of urban settlements with satellite cities of nuclear power plants, the latter have advantages in the form of high-rise buildings, asphalt roads.
Satellite City (Penza)
The Sputnik project is a huge residential complex, which is included in the TOP of the best Russian buildings. It is planned to finish construction by 2016. 7 thousand people will live here, kindergartens, schools, shops, hospitals and various entertainment centers will be erected for them.
The territory of the quarter captures the southwestern part of Penza and the surrounding land. It will be washed by an artificially created lake and the Sura River. The embankment will be equipped with a recreation area, where they will set up playgrounds and equip a beautiful descent to the reservoir.
The satellite city (for which Penza will be the center) will be divided into 12 "microdistricts". Their sizes are 400 by 600 meters. Some houses will be made in a palace style. The first floors in them are bought for cafes, restaurants, clubs, shops and other entertainment centers. On the second line there will be two-story houses to which small lawns and plots of land will adjoin. The courtyard will become a protected area. The third line includes multi-storey buildings (from 9 to 25 floors). It is planned to build six schools, five kindergartens, garages, and sports grounds.
Thonburi
Thonburi is the capital of Thailand. In addition, he is a former satellite city of Bangkok. In 1971, it existed independently, was the center of a provincial area. During the reign of Thaksin, 10 years was the capital of Siam. In the history of its state, it became famous due to the fact that it was a city that protected the mouth of a water stream. In 1765 there was a battle for territory with the Burmese, which ended in victory. For several years, Thonburi became the capital of Bangkok. This decision was made by King Thaksin.
Subsequently, this city became a satellite of a large center of the state, but after a while it connected with it and became one. It borders on all sides with several districts. It is washed by the river.
Satellite towns of Minsk
Initially, the mass construction of satellite towns of Minsk was planned in Belarus. However, they quickly abandoned this venture and decided to build only one - Rulensk.
It was supposed to appear in early 2015, when they approved the plan for the creation of the Minsk agglomeration. By the end of the year, the authorities should have approved it, but in reality it turned out to be much more complicated.
The first reason they abandoned the venture was uncultivated land and polluted sewage. It is impossible to build a settlement without preliminary cleaning. Places that are ideal for building, unfortunately, are too far from the city, so few residents agree to exchange an apartment in Minsk for an hour's drive out of town.
It is Rudensk that is suitable for all conditions to obtain the status of a satellite city. Here is the CHP, the energy of which is not spent on a full scale. It is enough to service the 100 thousandth settlement. The only drawback is the old water supply system.
Another problem during construction was the lack of funds. The allocated money is barely enough to fix the current infrastructure.
Moscow agglomeration
The Moscow agglomeration ranks in the top twenty among the largest in the world. Over the entire existence, it has greatly increased in size. The satellite cities of Moscow over the years become more and more, also officially the entire region is part of the district.
Moscow includes several suburban belts. The first of them consists of settlements located 15 km from the Moscow Ring Road. This list includes 17 cities and several towns.
The Moscow agglomeration includes small cities and large ones, among them there are even those that have a population of over 100 thousand people. It is difficult to name the exact number of people, but this figure fluctuates around 17 million inhabitants.
Until now, the territories of satellite cities are expanding, completion is being carried out, new construction is beginning. In addition, new subordinate cities appear. At the moment, a new satellite is being formed between Domodedovo and Moscow. Now the agglomeration is engaged in the development of its financial sphere, the field of education, culture, science. All this makes it possible for this region to become a leader among other satellite cities, which are mainly engaged in industry.
Southern city - a satellite of St. Petersburg
Satellite cities of St. Petersburg have a huge impact both on their center and on the country itself. Officially recognized is Southern. It has a difficult environmental situation, however, if the government deals with this issue on time, the city will only have a positive impact on nearby Petersburg.
Among other housing projects, the city of Yuzhny is the most popular and largest. Its construction affects the general life of the Pushkin district, which is why a sufficient number of people observe the construction process. Many were against the construction of the satellite, since Kondakopshinsky forest is located on its territory - the only massif that remained in this area.
The Southern city has high hopes for the local government and the government of the state. Indeed, in terms of functionality and appearance, it should correspond to its great center - St. Petersburg.