How organs are located in the body, the principle of their work and the structure of the general structure should be known to every educated individual. That is why human anatomy has been studied since school.
Indeed, the elementary principles of topography (that is, the location of internal organs) are very important. Even to understand which organ causes discomfort and pain, you need to know this.
Human anatomy at school
Initial concepts about the topography of organs and their systems are given at the initial stage of education, in grade 4 (lessons from the "World"). However, a more detailed and thorough consideration of the structure of the human body is postponed to the conscious age of children - grade 8.
Before that, the guys had already examined the structure of plants and animals, so it would be easier for them to learn the anatomy lesson, despite the complex, multifaceted material on the structure of man.
This discipline contains many terminological concepts that should be acquired by the children at the end of the year in full. Also, the study of material on this science is impossible without proper teaching aids, especially with regard to visualization.
Be sure to have tables, slides of presentation materials or interactive drawings and diagrams (or better, all this together, in a complex). A lesson in anatomy is impossible without this, since you can understand it only by looking at it clearly. Much attention in the thematic planning of the discipline is paid to the structure, functioning and importance of the reproductive and excretory systems. So, for example, almost at the end of the school year, when children became even more adult and can adequately perceive material of a corresponding nature, the anatomy of a woman and a man begins to be studied. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the female part, as they are associated with vital processes - pregnancy and childbirth, fetal embryogenesis.
Features of the study of female anatomy
Throughout the school year, human anatomy is studied. Women are arranged in exactly the same way as men, therefore, when considering the circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous systems, GNI, analyzers, no gender differences are provided. However, when it comes to the structure of the genitourinary system, they are obvious.
There are several main points that this section of anatomy includes:
- The study of the composition and functions of the mammary glands.
- Consideration of the features of the bone structure of the pelvis.
- Autopsy of the mechanisms of action and structure of the woman’s reproductive system, which includes the external and internal genital organs.
- The study of the cyclical processes in the female body and their role.
- Fertilization, the formation of the embryo and its embryonic development during the entire period of pregnancy.
- Childbirth and ontogenesis of the fetus.
The anatomy of a woman is an important and complex issue, quite intimate. But it always causes increased interest in adolescents. That is why it is important to be able to save and develop it with a correct, beautiful and clear presentation of the material.
Mammary gland
Paired formations in the female body, having an external and internal part. The first is a skin-covered organ of various shapes (round, pear-shaped, elongated, and so on). Weight and volume may vary among different female representatives. The nipple is located on the pointed middle part of the chest - a special structure through which the product of the mammary glands - milk, is brought out. Around it is the encircling shaded part - the areola, or the paralosal circle. This area has a different color, which depends on the race of the woman and whether she was a woman in labor. The areola is covered with fine wrinkles, inside it consists of smooth and transverse muscles, sebaceous and sweat glands. A large number of mammary glands pass through it and the nipples, opening their ducts to the outside.
The inner part of the woman’s mammary gland is represented by the following structural parts:
- Adipose tissue. Almost 2/3 of the entire mass of the breast falls on it.
- Shares consisting of smaller lobules. Structures that fill a large part of the internal space of the chest. In total there are about 20 pieces, all of them are immersed in a common connective adipose tissue. Inside they consist of numerous alveoli, vessels, vesicles that produce milk. They are located radially around each nipple.
- Lymphatic and blood vessels provide the breast with its products, and feed the mammary glands.
- The pectoral muscle is the structure to which the breast itself attaches within the body.
The physiology and anatomy of the mammary glands are mainly aimed at one function - the production and removal of milk through special ducts through the nipple to the outside. In one nipple, there can be up to 9 holes through which fluid escapes.
Topography of the mammary glands: located on the anterior chest wall between the 3rd and 7th rib, symmetrically to each other and relative to the central bone. Between the breasts there is a sinus separating them.
Female pelvic anatomy
The main difference between male and female anatomy, of course, is not only the absence or presence of mammary glands. In fact, the structure of the small pelvis and its organs plays an important role. We will consider them in more detail.
The pelvic anatomy of a woman is represented by 4 main bone structures:
- two pelvic bones ;
- sacral;
- coccygeal.
Together, they are fused with muscles and play a very important role in the birth process. In general, they secrete not only a small, but also a large basin. It is located immediately above the first. Genetically laid so that the female pelvis is wider than the male, but at the same time it consists of lighter and thinner bones.
A small part has three main formations:
The entrance is formed by the fusion of the iliac-sacral and pelvic-pubic bones, there are three sizes. The pelvic cavity is formed by a wide and narrow part. It is in it that the main organs are located: the internal genitalia, the bladder and the rectum.
The exit of the pelvis is closed by a special muscle formation - the pelvic floor. It is this structure that contains the most important and functionally significant muscles, due to the work of which the internal organs of the small pelvis are held inside without falling out. Also, they are of particular importance when pushing the fetus during childbirth.
Thus, the small pelvis is arranged, which is the main structure by which the anatomy of a woman differs. A photo of him and internal organs can be seen below.
The reproductive system of the female body
This includes several main structural parts:
- External genitalia (pubis, labia minora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, hymen).
- Internal (vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries).
- Ligamentous apparatus.
This system is called reproductive because it is directly involved in the process of fertilization, gestation and development of the fetus and childbirth. Consider each component in more detail, revealing its purpose and structure.
External genitalia
The anatomy of a woman primarily involves the presence of obvious external differences in gender. Of the external genitalia, these include the mammary glands, and of the parts of the pelvis - the following structures:
- Pubis. It is a triangular formation, covered with hairs (at puberty), the basis of which is the bone structure. It has a powerful reserve of adipose tissue for thermal and heat regulation and protection against mechanical stress. Function: It is a cover that protects the deeper lying external organs.
- Large labia. Skin folds, by nature consisting of subcutaneous fat. Front and rear are fused with commissures. Between them there is a slit-like formation called the genital gap. In the same structure are the Bartholin glands, which secrete a special alkaline secretion in the vagina. Outside, the organ is covered with hairs.
- Labia minora. They are located inside large ones and in normal condition come into contact with each other, making the sexual gap closed. The function, like the previous ones, is protective.
- Clitoris. A small spherical organ consisting of a plexus of nerves and blood vessels and capillaries. Very sensitive, located in front of the labia minora and labia majora.
- The vestibule of the vagina. The structure that precedes the direct entry into the vagina. The ducts of the bartholin glands open here, the urethra comes out.
- Hymen - a thin film that protects the entrance to the vagina. It is an organ made of connective tissue. This is such a structure, which provides for the intermittent anatomy of a woman. Internal and external organs are separated with its help only until the first sexual intercourse, after it hymenal papillae remain on the site of the hymen.
These are all organs that are external to the genital apparatus of the female body.
Internal genitalia
These are few, but their importance cannot be overestimated. It is these structures that are designed for the formation and bearing of the fetus, the formation of female reproductive cells and the removal of the child outside.
- Uterus. We will consider this body separately.
- Vagina. This part is one of the main, which presents the anatomy of a woman. A muscular organ with an elongated cylindrical shape (tube) up to 10 cm long. The walls are lined with stratified squamous epithelium, through which mucus is supplied to the vagina by the blood and lymph vessels. Thanks to this, the organ always remains hydrated. There is also its own microflora, consisting of rod-shaped bacteria, cells and mucus. Normally, it is constantly updated, and the old one is deleted in the form of secretions. They have an acid reaction, milky white, translucent color and a characteristic odor. Since the walls of the vagina are muscular, it is able to stretch and contract, which is necessary during the birth process. Four arches of this organ are formed in the upper part of the tube. The front part of the organ is adjacent to the bladder, and the back to the rectum.
- The ovaries. The paired organ, which is the gland of internal secretion. Located on the sides of the uterus. It consists of brain matter, connective tissue, penetrated by blood and lymph vessels. The walls are lined with a cortical layer, a protein membrane and an external epithelium. Inside the ovaries, the monthly formation of mature eggs takes place. They also produce specific hormones responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in women. During pregnancy, the ovaries produce additional special substances.
In general, all pelvic organs are an important distinguishing feature that anatomy of a woman has. Pictures, which are present in large numbers in various reference materials, quite accurately and accurately reflect their structure and topography.
Uterus
The muscular hollow organ is triangular in shape. Consists of three main parts:
- the bottom of the uterus (the lower part of the triangle, tapering at the base);
- isthmus;
- neck.
The anatomy of a woman considers the uterus as the most basic organ for childbearing and bearing the fetus. The structure itself consists of several cell layers, these are: the mucous membrane, the middle muscle and internal serous, covering the uterus and separating it from the peritoneal part.
The uterine neck plays an important role in protecting the internal contents of the organ from harmful bacteria of the vagina, as it is at the junction of these two structures. It is represented by a small tube filled with mucus, which prevents the penetration of harmful substances and organisms.
The fallopian tubes are paired formations extending from the corners of the uterus. Formed in the same layers as the uterus. Their length is about 12 cm.
The ligamentous apparatus is a special structure that serves to support the uterus and ovaries. It consists of the following ligaments:
- paired round;
- own ovarian ligaments;
- funnel bowels;
- wide.
Together, these structures form a stable position of the uterus and ovaries.
Menstrual cycle
This process is a monthly repeated formation of follicles, which should be brought out together with blood and dead particles, cells and microorganisms.
This cycle is designed to prepare the female body for pregnancy and childbirth. Complex processes occur, accompanied by the production of special hormones.
Pregnancy
The anatomy of a pregnant woman is significantly modified. After all, a fetus developing in the uterus grows. This leads to pressure on all other internal organs and, as a result, entails a change in their location. The liver becomes almost upright, oriented along the uterus. Pressure is applied to the rectum, which often causes constipation in a woman. The diaphragm rises and locks in this position, which gives a feeling of compression and difficulty breathing.
However, nature provides for all aspects of change; therefore, such trends are considered the norm. The gestational age is 40 weeks. The birth process is very complex, in which the baby passes through the birth canal head down. Duration varies depending on the individual characteristics of the female body.