Probably each of us at least once did a blood test. And this is not surprising, because he can tell a lot about the work of our body. During diseases, antibodies appear in the body, their hormonal composition changes, the proportions of blood components change, etc. After receiving the results, the doctor must decrypt the blood test. Sometimes there is an urgent need to understand and decipher the result yourself.
The skill of decoding a blood test will help people to determine the norms of the results of their tests and their deviations themselves. In particular, this makes sense for those who care about their body and regularly take tests for prevention.
Therefore, the ability to make a transcript of a blood test , a general analysis, is useful to everyone.
The composition of human blood
Blood for the most part consists of a liquid, which is called plasma, and it, in turn, for the most part consists of water. That is why you can constantly hear advice on the importance of drinking and the danger of dehydration, because blood becomes viscous due to a lack of water. In addition, it also contains other elements - platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.
These elements will be the main ones in a blood test with a breakdown in adults with the norms in the table. It will be provided a little later.
Here you can briefly explain what the main function of the blood components is:
- erythrocytes are transporters, they have a transport function, they are engaged in the delivery of oxygen to all organs of the body;
- white blood cells have a protective function;
- platelets are coagulators, they cause clotting and form a blood clot at the site of damage to the vessel so that bleeding does not occur.
Blood counts
Without knowledge of the designations of the main indicators of the analysis, no decryption of the blood test will be possible. The results of the general analysis will include Latin abbreviations and abbreviations, the meanings of which will be discussed below. They are very useful in decoding a blood test, a general analysis:
- white blood cells are indicated by the letters WBC;
- Ig are immunoglobulins, also belong to leukocytes, they have specific granules in structure;
- leukoformula is a proportional ratio of all leukocytes;
- RBC is an abbreviation for red blood cells, red blood cells (red bood cells).
The coagulation index - well, everything is clear here, it will mean the level of coagulability with any damage to soft tissues with subsequent rupture of blood vessels:
- PLT - means coagulant cells, i.e. platelets.
- ESR - stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
- HCT is the English abbreviation for hematocrit. Hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells.
- LYM is a designation of lymphocytes (lymphocytes).
- HGB - reflects the name of hemoglobin and shows how much it is contained in the body (hemoglobin).
Features of a general blood test
Before touching on the topic of blood analysis and decoding in adults, the norms of indicators, you should familiarize yourself with some features of the analysis.
The main rule is to take tests on an empty stomach. Blood is taken from the ring finger and placed in special tubes using a pipette. By the way, a needle that is injected on a blood test is called a scarifier.
Subsequently, blood in test tubes, usually from several people at once, is placed in a special apparatus - a centrifuge. Under the action of centrifugal force, the blood in the tubes undergoes separation into heavy and light components. Heavier elements, usually red blood cells, settle to the bottom of the tube, and lighter - plasma - rise to the surface. Platelets are, as a rule, intermediate elements by weight and they are located after centrifugation between red blood cells and plasma.
After centrifugation, the samples are placed on a glass slide and microscopic examination of the material takes place. In most cases, a microscopic examination is carried out automatically and the amount of all blood elements is determined, after which the result is displayed on a form with Latin symbols. The decoding of a blood test in adults in the table will be described below. Decryption tables for children and adults are significantly different, do not forget about it!
Decoding of blood tests in adults in the table
In order not to run endlessly through the doctors, there is a small assistant who decrypts the blood test. With this data you do not have to spend a lot of money and time. A little decryption table of the general blood test will be clearly shown. In the first column there will be indicators, further norms depending on gender and a brief description of the indicator.
A table about a blood test with a breakdown in adults will better reflect the most complete type of a standard blood test. Using it, it is easy to interpret the result. Do not worry if there are minor deviations from the norm.
Transcripts of blood tests, table
Indicators | Description | Normative values |
Rbc | Red blood cells. As already mentioned, these cells transport oxygen, and the protein in red blood cells not only carries oxygen to the tissues, but also removes the spent CO2. Changes in the value of the number of red blood cells in both the larger and smaller directions may indicate the presence of a disease in a person. If the indicators are more than the normative value, this will threaten the appearance of gluing of red blood cells in the vessels and, as a result, may cause them to clog and rupture with subsequent internal hemorrhage. | - in women, from 3.8 to 5.5 x 10 12 ; - in the male from 4.3 to 6.2 x 10 12 . |
Hgb, hb | Hemoglobin. Its low value in the blood leads to anemia. | The values are not dependent on gender and, in principle, do not differ and are equal to 120 - 140 g per liter. |
HCT | As already mentioned, the abbreviation stands for hematocrit. | Men - from 39% to 49%, women - from 35% to 45%. |
RDWc | The indicator indicates the width of the distribution of red blood cells. It will be increased if the red blood cells have a different width. | From 11.5% to 14.5%. |
Mcv | Denotes the volume of each of the red blood cells. | From 80 to 100 femtoliters. |
Mch | The content of hemoglobin in red blood cells, the average value. The indicator decreases with a disease of iron deficiency anemia and with a lack of certain vitamins in the body - B12 and folic acid. | From 26 to 34 picograms. |
Mchc | This indicator reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. What is characteristic, elevated values of this indicator are practically not found in people. | From 30 to 370 grams per liter. |
Plt | This indicator indicates the number of platelets in the blood. An increase in their number is noted after serious open wounds with profuse loss of blood, as well as after some operations, especially after removal of internal organs. | From 180 to 320 × 109 per liter. |
Wbc | The designation of white blood cells. | From 4.0 to 9.0 × 10 9 per liter. |
Lym. Ly | Lymphocytes | 25 to 40% |
Blood test in children
In the case of children, a blood test helps to more accurately establish the diagnosis of a disease, because often the child can not clearly express their symptoms to the doctor. Depending on which analysis the doctor prescribes, it can be complete and superficial.
When there is little cause for concern and the symptoms are not serious, then an analysis is prescribed to identify only three blood parameters: ESR, the number of leukocytes and red blood cells. This will allow you to make an overall picture of the child’s health and prescribe the appropriate treatment. In other cases, the blood is checked completely, again checked for all the same indicators as in adults. The only thing that will differ is the rate of performance.
In children, the organs and the whole hematopoietic system function in a slightly different way, respectively, and a blood test, and the decoding in children will differ slightly from adults, because there are some differences in the norms of blood test indicators.
In addition, in the blood test in children, three age groups are distinguished:
- first birthday;
- month;
- half a year;
- year from birth;
- six years;
- 7-12 years old;
- 13-15 years old.
Blood chemistry
From a vein, a biochemical blood test is taken, the decoding of which helps to draw a conclusion about various inflammatory processes in the body. It is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach so that the indicators are not distorted. Here are provided blood tests with a breakdown and the norms in the table for reference.
Indicators | Norm | Description and diseases |
Simple protein | 62-87 grams per liter. | In connection with deviations, various oncological diseases arise. |
Glucose | 3.1-5.4 mmol per liter. | An increase in values indicates a possible development of diabetes. |
Nitrogen | 2.4-8.4 mmol per liter. | An increase in the rate promises renal failure. |
Creatinine | Normally, from 52 to 98 μmol per liter, this is in women. From 60 to 116 μmol per liter for men. | Creatinine may increase, as an option, due to the use of large amounts of animal protein. In addition, dehydration and liver problems are the cause of abnormalities. |
Cholesterol | From 2.3 to 6.5 mmol per liter. | Large indicators indicate violations in the work of the cardiovascular system and liver diseases. |
Bilirubin | 5.0-20.0 μmol per liter. | Increasing the value provokes hepatitis. |
Amylase | From 5.0 to 60 units per liter, this value will be for children from the first birthday to two years. From 25 to 130 units per liter for adults and children over two years old. | Her level rises with pancreatitis. |
ALT | Up to 30 units per liter in women and up to 42 units. per liter for men. | They bring down the norm all the same diseases of the liver and failures in its work. |
Lipase | From 27 to 100 units. per liter. | The cause of the increase is a number of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, peritonitis and renal failure. It also affects levels and hepatitis. |
HIV test
A blood test for the recognition of HIV infection is very specific and has its own few features. It also happens that the blood, analysis and decoding of the table for the first time can not with absolute probability confirm the presence of the virus. Especially it will be inaccurate if the analysis was done almost immediately after the person came into contact with a patient with HIV infection.
Moreover, it happens that the results of blood tests with decryption fall into the hands of unskilled and inexperienced laboratory assistants who make erroneous conclusions.
Basically, for the reliability of the results of the analysis, they are sent either to a reanalysis, which will be carried out only after six months from the moment of the last analysis, or an analysis of F50 is done. This analysis identifies specific bodies in the blood of only the person who is HIV-infected.
Enzyme immunoassay
ELISA helps to identify a number of diseases in a person. Here, antibodies are subjected to various measurements, both qualitative and quantitative. In addition, the analysis of ELISA successfully determines the presence of disorders and diseases in the gastrointestinal tract and reveals, for example, Helicobacter pylori bacillus. Such an analysis diagnoses diseases very accurately, up to 90%.
Blood test for hormones of the endocrine glands
It is performed for analysis of hormones in the blood of a person. Based on this analysis, a conclusion is drawn about the work of some human glands.
This is a blood test and a transcript in adults with norms will be presented below. The quantitative and percentage ratio of hormones produced by the endocrine glands of the body is determined.
A blood test and a transcript in adults with the norms in the table is only an approximate picture of standard indicators.
Indicator | Explanation | Norms |
TTG | This is thyroid-stimulating hormone. Its production is carried out by the gland (pituitary gland) located in the brain. She is involved in the control of the thyroid gland. | From 0.45 to 4.10 ppm. per liter. |
T3 | Triiodothyronine. Analysis for triiodothyronine is prescribed for a disease of hyperthyroidism - excessive thyroid function. | From 1.05 to 3.15 nmol per liter. Note: for older people, the norms will be slightly lower. |
TT4 | Thyroxine. If there is even a slight discrepancy with the norm in the indicator, then this will indicate a malfunction in the metabolism. | In women - from 71.2 to 142.5 nmol per liter, in men - from 60.74 to 137.00 nmol per liter. |
Tg | Thyroglobulin. This is a specific protein that is located in the thyroid gland. It should also be normal. | The norm is around 60 ng per milliliter. |
AT-TPO | Thyroid peroxidase antibodies. | About 5.65 units per milliliter. |
Serological analysis
In this case, blood sampling will be from a vein. Basically, such an analysis identifies sexual diseases. It shows the body’s antibodies in the blood, which are produced in some, in most cases, sexually transmitted diseases.
With the determination of the norm of indicators in this case, everything is pretty simple and comes down to the fact that if there are no antibodies to these diseases, then you are healthy. And vice versa, even at the slightest indicators there is a high probability that you are sick with any disease.
Blood test for the presence of a cancerous tumor
A cancerous tumor naturally originates from healthy cells in the body, but for some reason these cells begin to randomly divide, living their own lives. As a rule, these are cells of a protein nature and in the process of vital activity they secrete specific decay products, due to which it is possible to analyze for the detection of a tumor in a particular area of the human body.
Immunoglobulin Identification Test
Here, the analysis determines the immunoglobulin in the blood, its amount. Its norms will diverge depending on the person’s age:
- From 0 to 200 units per milliliter will be in people aged 10 to 15 years.
- From 0 to 95 units per milliliter, the norm for children aged 6 to 9 years.
- From 0 to 65 units per milliliter in children from one year to 5 years.
- From 0 to 12 units per milliliter will apply to very young children.
Pregnancy blood test
This direction is given to women who have sudden delays in the menstrual cycle, but conventional pregnancy tests show negative results. In this case, the blood is examined for the presence of a specific hCG hormone. It is detected exclusively in cases where a woman has an embryo, an embryo. This hormone will show different results depending on the duration of pregnancy.
Decryption of a blood test, a general analysis for the hCG hormone:
- From 0 to 5 IU per milliliter - there is no pregnancy.
- From 25 to 300 IU per milliliter - the period is two weeks.
- From 1,500 to 100,000 IU per milliliter - a period of three to nine weeks.