Dysgraphia is a rather peculiar violation of writing. It is found in both adults and children. Not all parents know the types of dysgraphia and what this disease is characterized by. That is why, faced with a specific violation of the letter, they take it for ordinary mistakes and scold the child for not knowing the rules for writing certain words. It is recommended to familiarize yourself with the features of dysgraphia, which are presented in our article, in advance. This will allow you to diagnose the violation and get rid of it as soon as possible.
General information about dysgraphia and the causes of the disease
Dysgraphia is a specific violation of writing. Most often it occurs in minors. The types of dysgraphia that can occur in children are characterized by problems in mastering writing skills. Such a disease occurs in a child with normal development of intelligence. Many parents do not immediately realize that the child has a violation. They often take him for an insufficient level of knowledge.
Violation (all types of dysgraphia) does not occur on its own. It may be accompanied by other diseases. These include dyslexia, general underdevelopment of speech, or mental retardation. A child with dysgraphia makes the same mistakes. They are not caused by the fully formed higher mental activity that takes part in the writing process. The types of dysgraphia that occur in children give them many problems, because of which they can hardly master the written language. A child who has this disorder is not easy to teach to read.
The exact cause of the disease is difficult to determine. The formation of this violation is influenced by many factors. One of them can be attributed to the uneven development of the cerebral hemispheres. There is an opinion that types of dysgraphia and dyslexia arise in connection with a genetic predisposition. Such a violation also often occurs in children who live in bilingual families.
The following complex causes of the onset of the disease are known:
- Low intelligence. It is known that in order to learn to read and write, a child must have at least an average level of development. Otherwise, difficulties may arise with the perception of oral speech and the memorization of writing letters.
- Difficulties in establishing the sequence. In this case, the child cannot understand the correct arrangement of the letters in the word. He either writes slowly and correctly, or in a hurry, but he makes many mistakes.
- Inability to process visual information. In this case, the child is difficult to read. He cannot quickly analyze what he sees.
Often, types of dysgraphia (neuropsychology speaks of this) arise in children, whom parents begin to teach to read and write, not paying attention to their psychological unpreparedness. Violation can form after a brain injury. The disease can also be congenital. Often, the reasons include the fuzziness and incorrectness of the speech of others.
Different types of dysgraphia errors can be observed in adults. Violation can occur after suffering traumatic brain injuries, strokes and some surgical operations.
Dyslexia. general information
In most cases, in addition to dysgraphia, a child has dyslexia. This disease is characterized by selective impairment of the ability to master reading and writing skills while maintaining the ability to learn. It has a neurological origin.
Specialists recommend that parents check their child for dyslexia before entering school. Signs of this disease include slow reading with a permutation of letters. A compulsory visit to a speech therapist is recommended for all children under 6 years of age.
Dyslexia, as well as dysgraphia, occurs due to the uneven development of the cerebral hemispheres. Separately, these violations are not formed. The following types of dyslexia exist:
- phonemic;
- semantic;
- agramatic;
- optical;
- mnestic.
A person who has dyslexia is not difficult to recognize. As a rule, he may have guessing reading, difficulties in retelling, a lot of mistakes during cheating, a heightened aesthetic taste and irritability. People with dyslexia are unusually holding writing instruments. If the child has at least one symptom, it is recommended to contact a specialist as soon as possible.
Group of children prone to dysgraphia
The types of dysgraphia listed in our article with examples will allow parents to detect a violation in their child as early as possible. It is important to know which children are most at risk of the disease.
It is known that dysgraphia often occurs in those children who write with their left hand. However, do not retrain the southpaw. Children who have the left hand leading, but they write with the right because of the wishes of their parents, also often encounter dysgraphia. They are at risk.
Children from bilingual families may also face problems. As a rule, it is difficult for them to adapt and thoroughly learn at least one of the languages. The likelihood of the onset of the disease increases if the child has other speech problems.
It is highly likely that a child with impaired phonetic perception will experience dysgraphia. That is why such children are at risk. As a rule, they confuse letters. For example, they write "com" instead of "house". They may also mispronounce and spell mistakes.
Symptoms of dysgraphia
Types of dysgraphia in younger schoolchildren with examples are not known to all parents. Children’s doctors rarely talk about this disease. That is why inexperienced parents often do not know about the existence of such a violation. It's no secret that early diagnosis of any disease allows you to cope with it as soon as possible.
Dysgraphia is characterized by typical and repeated errors in the writing process. They are not related to ignorance of spelling rules. Errors are characterized by shifting or replacing letters. There is a violation of the alphabetic-syllabic structure of the word.
One of the symptoms is illegible handwriting. In this case, the letters have different heights and tilts. They can also be above or below the line.
Some types of dysgraphia and the nature of errors can be recognized by the violation of colloquial speech. It contains the same errors as in the letter. There is a frequent replacement of letters with similar phonetic signs. Over time, conversational speech can be observed division of words into syllables, and sentences into words.
Symptoms of dysgraphia also include the presence of new letters in the words or the absence of endings. These symptoms are most common among schoolchildren. Incorrect declension by case, childbirth and numbers may also be present. Such signs occur when speech is not formed.
Symptoms of dysgraphia also include the addition of extra elements to words. A person with this disorder has neurological disorders, poor performance, and decreased alertness. Such children do not remember enough information received. Mirror spelling of letters may also be observed.
Diagnosis of various types of dysgraphia. Signs of a disease by which you can diagnose it yourself
Determining the type of dysgraphia is a rather difficult process. As a rule, only a specialist can recognize the disease. The sooner it is diagnosed, the easier it will be to get rid of it.
A predisposition to dysgraphia is established in preschool children 3-5 years old. Most often this happens at a medical examination, which is necessary for admission to a general educational institution. It is possible to diagnose an existing, hidden or overt disease at any age.
Diagnosis of dysgraphia is necessary for the selection of treatment and correction. You should contact a specialist if the child knows all the rules of spelling, but nevertheless makes mistakes. Diagnostics will also need to be carried out if the student misses the letters when writing or replaces them with others.
For diagnosis, specialists also use voice cards. Thanks to them, you can conduct a comprehensive examination and determine the types of dysgraphia present in the patient according to Lalaeva. In the speech card you will need to indicate all the data about the child and his development.
There are signs of dysgraphia by which parents can diagnose the disorder in the child on their own. It is important to know them. Thanks to this, you can start the correction of the disease as early as possible.
As we said earlier, with dysgraphia, a child has a large number of errors. Such children do not distinguish the following letters:
They have illegible handwriting. Under dictation, such children write rather slowly. Often parents do not realize that the child has a violation. They scold him for his carelessness and illiteracy. They believe that problems are associated with a reluctance to learn. Teachers give such students poor grades, and peers mock. That is why parents are required to familiarize themselves with the symptoms of this disorder in advance in order to know what to do in case of its presence.
It’s hard for a child to cope with the disease. He becomes anxious. Such children begin to lock themselves in and skip classes. Reading and writing do not bring them pleasure.
Varieties of dysgraphia
There are several types of dysgraphia. There are five main types:
- acoustic;
- agramatic;
- articulatory-acoustic;
- optic;
- motor.
However, there are other varieties of this violation. Most often, experts determine the types of dysgraphia in primary school students by Lalaeva.
R.I. Lalaeva identifies five types of this violation. They were systematized and studied by the department of speech therapy of the Herzen State Pedagogical University, where Raisa Ivanovna worked. The doctor of pedagogical sciences distinguishes the following varieties of dysgraphia:
- articulatory-acoustic;
- violation of phoneme recognition;
- agramatic;
- optical;
- violation of language analysis.
This list is used by specialists most often.
Many scientists independently studied and developed types of dysgraphia. However, they are not successful.
Description of the types of dysgraphia
Types of dysgraphia according to Lalaeva are used by specialists most often. Our article describes all the types developed by the Department of Speech Therapy, Russian State Pedagogical University.
Often in children, it is articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia that occurs. In this case, the child writes as he pronounces. It is based on the reflection of an incorrect pronunciation in a letter. Most often, the child skips letters or replaces them with others. Often, errors in writing remain after correction of colloquial speech.
With articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia, errors in writing are not always present. In some cases, the absence of letters and their replacement are observed only in colloquial speech.
Children often replace the muffled sounds “P”, “T”, “Sh” with “B”, “D”, “F” in written speech. Often replaced and hissing to whistling. In this case, instead of “F”, “W”, the child writes “Z”, “C”.
Types of dysgraphia with examples that are described in our article allow parents and speech therapists to choose the most appropriate correction of the violation. The cause of the disease due to violations of language analysis and synthesis is the difficulty in dividing sentences into words. Children with such dysgraphia also have problems with dividing words into syllables and sounds. In this case, the child misses vowels, consonants, and the spelling of words is also observed.
Acoustic dysgraphia (a violation of phoneme recognition) is often found. This type of violation is characterized by the replacement of letters with similar phonetic signs ("forest" - "foxes"). It is worth noting that the pronunciation remains correct. Most often, the letters denoting the following sounds are replaced: h-t, h-h and others.
The acoustic form of dysgraphia is manifested in the incorrect designation of the softness of the consonants in the letter ("letter", "breaks"). In severe cases, distant articulatory and acoustic sounds may mix. Types of acoustic dysgraphia are most common in preschool children.
Another type of dysgraphia is agramatic. It is associated with the underdevelopment of the grammatical structure of speech. This type appears at the level of a word, phrase, sentence or text. In this case, in the written speech of children, difficulties are observed in establishing logical and linguistic connections between sentences. Their sequence does not always coincide with the sequence of events described. Replacements of suffixes and prefixes can also be observed (“overwhelmed” - “overwhelmed”).
There is also optical dysgraphia. In this case, the child cannot write individual letters. This is due to a lack of understanding of their structure. Each letter consists of individual elements. A child with optical dysgraphia cannot understand the process of connecting and writing them.
There is also a mixed form of dysgraphia. What is it you can find out in our article. Mixed type dysgraphia is diagnosed if the patient has several types of the disease at once. To get rid of such a violation is difficult enough. Without the help of a specialist can not do.
Specialist Dysgraphia Treatment
In some cases, it makes no sense to scold the child for spelling and speaking errors. Parents are advised to study in advance what dysgraphia is. It is possible that the errors are associated not with a reluctance to learn, but with a violation. In order to get rid of it, you will need to resort to the help of an experienced speech therapist.
The dysgraphia adjustment process takes a long time. However, without him, unfortunately, can not do. Dysgraphia is always associated with the inferior development of one of the structures of the brain. Often, children are prescribed medication. Unfortunately, some pills will not fix the situation. The main part of the correction takes place in the classroom at a speech therapist.
It is important enough to provide the child with support. Parents should also participate in the correction process. It is worth noting that most often the violation is detected at the age of 8-10 years. It is during this period that the child can fully analyze what he heard and record it. You can find various types of exercises to eliminate dysgraphia (Grade 5) in our article. They will need to be regularly performed with the child at home.
Children with dysgraphia often worry about their problems. They are afraid to make mistakes. That is why they skip classes and shy away from homework. Parents should treat such a child with understanding and in no case should scold him.
In order to start correcting a child, a speech therapist needs to diagnose the disease and determine its type. For this, as we said earlier, the specialist uses a speech card. He must fill the gaps in the child’s skills.
After completing the course of adjustment, the patient must undergo rehabilitation treatment. The doctor prescribes physiotherapy, massage, as well as hydrotherapy.
Almost always, children with dysgraphia have a good visual memory. Therefore, the error correction exercise is ineffective. Child skills will not improve. It will only correct errors in the text automatically.
Dysgraphia treatment should take place in conditions that are comfortable for the child. In the classroom, he should receive only positive emotions. In no case should you raise your voice at him and force him to rewrite the text several times. Such a process can cause hostility and unwillingness to record something.
The speech therapist and parents should in no case show excessive concern about the disease. You must not forget to praise the child for every even minor success.
Exercises to correct dysgraphia and dyslexia
Types of exercises to eliminate dysgraphia (Grade 5) and their implementation is an important stage in the process of getting rid of a violation. It is recommended to work them out with the child daily. Thanks to this, you can get rid of dysgraphia and dyslexia in the shortest possible time.
There are many methods and exercises that can get rid of violations in written and colloquial speech. Often, experts recommend that the child emphasize the problem letters.
To eliminate dysgraphia, it is recommended to work with special images.The child is provided with a picture on which the subject and structure of the word are present. First, the student must name the subject, and then take turns list all the sounds.
Children with dysgraphia and dyslexia are also invited to perform an exercise, the essence of which is to insert missing letters in words. Then the child will need to read the word out loud. Specialists also recommend writing dictations as often as possible. Thanks to this, writing skills can be significantly improved.
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To summarize
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