Warehouse is the main element of the enterprise logistics system. It is intended not only for the storage of material assets, but also for the provision of warehouse services, being a key link in all deliveries and shipments. The activity of the enterprise as a whole depends on how the organization of its work is formed.
Warehouse Functions
The set of work performed in all warehouses is approximately the same and includes the following actions:
- temporary storage and placement of inventories;
- conversion of various streams;
- formation of the correct logistic service in the service sector.
The system for placing goods in a warehouse provides for at least three types of flows:
- Internal (moving products within the organization).
- Weekend (sending goods to consumers in the presence of transport for export).
- Input (acceptance of goods from suppliers, requiring verification of the correctness of loading and unloading and the quality of receipt).
There is also a function of temporary storage of stocks, namely: work on the placement of goods with the necessary conditions for the further preservation of the quality of the goods.
Warehouses of finished products carry out sorting and additional processing of products before their direct shipment or labeling. Here she is prepared for loading operations.
Constant improvement of the placement of goods in the warehouse is required to effectively use the available space. In addition to storage places, it is necessary to allocate premises where they are engaged in the reception, unloading, sorting and preparation of products for consumption. Performing so many tasks is impossible without a rational approach.
Warehouses of trade are often located in the places where production is concentrated, where they are engaged in the acceptance of goods in significant quantities from suppliers, and also form and complete the largest shipments directly to supermarkets and large stores.
Storage methods
Organization of the placement of goods in a warehouse is a significant stage in trade. But the preservation of their quality and aesthetic appearance is also important. Storage methods are as follows:
- Varietal. Different types of products are laid out separately from each other.
- Partionic. Each incoming batch is laid out separately, while in one block there can be a variety of goods.
- Batch and varietal. Each delivery is stored separately, and the products in it are sorted by grades and types and are also located in different places.
- By name. Goods with different purposes are stored separately.
Principles of placing goods in warehouses
For convenient and quick picking of products, special schemes are developed that provide permanent places for their storage. This provides the opportunity for surveillance of safety, as well as care. At the time of development of schemes, the volume, frequency of receipt and shipment of goods, as well as packing methods, are taken into account.
There is a very popular principle: more demand - closer to the driveway. Products that are needed every day are located in close proximity to the point of issue or shipment.
Also in practice, the method of long-term and short-term storage is used. In some areas there is more necessary products, while in others - less.
Placing goods in a large warehouse provides for the formation of cells that allow you to lay out a batch of products in them together with the box or pallet in which it is located. Moreover, the aisles should be wide so that loaders with lateral movement of the forks can pass there.
In warehouses of wholesale and retail trade, goods are most often laid out in size. In storage areas there are sections for small and large products. Large, medium and small cells with various shapes and depths are specially designed.
Firms involved in the manufacture of warehouse equipment have already developed standard models and schemes of shelving for goods of various types. Sometimes it’s cheaper to buy ready-made collapsible racks with adjustable cell height than to make them yourself.
Address Storage
The rational placement of goods in a warehouse is a very important stage in trade, regardless of whether it is a large room or a small one. For this, many experts recommend using an address system to protect against inevitable losses, re-sorting and losses. This technique helps to ensure an increase in turnover, eliminate all kinds of mistakes and quickly find products even for new employees after a brief briefing.
The system consists in assigning a code (address), which indicates the number of the vertical section, rack and shelf. Such a name can combine 4.5 or more characters. The program provides automatic assignment of addresses in receipts, labels, statements and other necessary documents.
For example, consider the following encoding for cell number A1739:
- A, B, C - this is the product location zone - warm, cold or a certain part of the warehouse;
- 17 - rack number;
- 3 - number of the vertical section;
- 9 - shelf number.
From this scheme, we can conclude that this code is suitable for a zone of 99 racks, and each of them can contain no more than 10 vertical sections and 10 horizontal shelves. If more components are used, the letter indexes of the zones are applied.
Rational placement and stacking of goods in a warehouse using this methodology provides for plans and schemes on which all numbers are placed. Information is also entered into the computer database.
Codes on racks, compartments and the floor are painted in bright colors so that they are clearly visible. Empty space is also divided into zones. Labeling of goods should be carried out large on boxes so that employees can see them from afar and quickly navigate the route. Labels are recommended to be placed on shelves, not on boxes, so that there is the same layout.
Stacking
There are various methods of placing goods in a warehouse that help the enterprise to function properly.
In order to preserve products packaged in bags, coolies, bales, boxes and barrels, use stacking. Using this option, you can provide the necessary height, stability and free access to the goods. The height is determined by the properties of the product, as well as its packaging option, ultimate load and the volume of the warehouse itself. Such styling is often formed in three versions:
- Straight. Often used for barrels and boxes of the same size, each of the subsequent layers is set to the previous one.
- Pyramidal. It is used to increase stability. In the upper row, one place accounts for less, and the next is laid out in the two lower ones.
- Cross Drawers of various sizes are formed in it.
With stacked storage, the maximum rationalization of the placement of goods in the warehouse is achieved, since if the products are laid on special pallets, it becomes possible to use various mechanisms, which reduces labor costs.
There is also a shelf storage method. It is characterized by the acquisition of unpacked goods that fit into special cells. Such storage is very convenient, as the calculation takes place on pallets, which are placed on shelves located at any height available to the mechanisms. Below you can put the goods, the selection of which is made only by hand, and at the top - shipped with the pallet.
rules
Rational placement and placement of goods in the warehouse are carried out by specially trained personnel, since the quality work of both the enterprise and any retail outlet completely depends on it. We list the main requirements:
- Products are laid out only by marking to the aisle. Goods with one serial number are placed on both sides of a single rack, due to this the transportation route becomes shorter. If one cell was not enough, then the remaining products are placed in the same section, higher or lower, so that only the shelf number is changed in the address.
- Outerwear is usually placed on hangers, bulk products - in bulk, and liquids - in prepared tanks and tanks.
- On the upper tiers, it is convenient to stack durable goods, as well as those issued by whole pallets.
- Barrels with flammable and combustible substances are laid out only lying down, cork up and in one row. This is necessary for proper storage and fire safety.
- Packaged products must be kept in merchandise and pallets.
- Placement and storage of goods in a warehouse should be carried out on the basis of uniformity and storage conditions. It is necessary to take into account the biological and physico-chemical properties, sanitary and hygienic requirements and the rules of the neighborhood.
- For non-food and food products with a long service life, a temperature of 10–18 ° C and a relative humidity of 60–70% are required.
- Products that actively perceive odors should be completely isolated from products with strong aromas.
Rational placement of goods in a warehouse also has certain requirements:
- need to monitor humidity and temperature;
- Do not lay out products in aisles and other inappropriate places;
- it is necessary to monitor the order between the racks and on the shelves;
- lifting equipment must be kept in the designated place;
- regularly clean and monitor the sanitary standards of the warehouse;
- Do not stack excessively high stacks;
- the uppermost cells must be left for reserve goods;
- bulk products must be mixed, and things must be periodically turned over.
Equipment
In order to achieve high-quality placement and storage of goods in a warehouse, the human factor is sometimes not enough, since often high racks and heavy goods cannot be easily accessible. Then special machines come to the rescue, which can do a large amount of work with minimal labor. There are various hoisting-and-transport mechanisms for servicing warehouses.
All equipment used can be divided into the following groups:
- machines for loading and unloading (overpasses, walkways, ramps, ramps, cranes and conveyors);
- intra-warehouse transport for processing goods (collapsible racks for various purposes, floor and hand trolleys, stackers);
- equipment for automation of accounting operations;
- automated management systems.
Product Storage
In order to keep the goods placed in the warehouse always fresh, you must follow certain requirements:
- To complete the gastronomy used refrigerated cabinets or chambers. Moreover, sausages and smoked meats are stored only in limbo.
- Dietary eggs should be at a temperature of 0 to +20 ° C for 7 days, and table eggs (from 0 to +2 ° C) - 25 days.
- Dry baby cereals are stored at trading companies no higher than at +10 ° C and relative humidity no more than 75%.
- Ice cream will deteriorate if there is more than -12 ° C in the room.
- Mayonnaise should be in shaded places at temperatures from +3 to +18 ° C in accordance with its shelf life.
- Chilled fish is kept in the container received at the warehouse. Contained at -2 ° C for no more than 2 days.
- Bulk products need to be stored in clean, dry and well-ventilated rooms at a relative humidity of not more than 75%.
- Live fish must be in the aquarium in clean water for no more than 48 hours.
- The rules for placing goods in a warehouse state that salt should be isolated from other products, as it absorbs water and odors well.
- The meat and its products are stored in chambers and cabinets at -6 ° C.
- Fruits and vegetables are laid in containers and placed in well-ventilated storage rooms without natural light.
- Cakes and rolls have the minimum expiration dates, as they relate to especially perishable products. The optimum temperature is considered to be from +2 to +6 ° C.
Non-food storage
The ways of placing goods in a warehouse are different, it all depends on the things that are laid out. We list the main requirements:
- Dresses must be placed on the shoulders.
- Linens are stacked on shelves.
- Piece textiles and fabrics are in boxes.
- Knitwear is sorted by size, type, height and other characteristics.
- Shoes are laid out in rows in boxes of no more than eight in height. Between them is laid cardboard.
- Headwear is rammed into boxes or crates and placed in piles on wooden flooring.
- The fur is recommended to be stored in poorly lit and well-ventilated rooms at temperatures from 0 to +8 ° C. Place goods in a warehouse only on hangers and in plastic bags.
- Fireproof cases will be needed to store jewelry.
- Ceramic and glass products are unpacked and laid out on shelves.
- Carpets are stacked on bins.
Storage and placement of goods in the storehouse's warehouse can be organized by groups (shoes, things) or by narrow consumer properties (for men, for home, for a summer residence). Relative humidity and temperature are monitored using a thermometer.
Delivery time
The time of acceptance of products for quality is often provided for by the contract or technical standards established earlier. In all other cases, acceptance of goods for completeness and quality is carried out in the following periods:
- For non-resident deliveries - no later than 20 days. And perishable products - within 24 hours after receipt at the warehouse.
- With a uniform delivery - no later than 10 days. The requirements for perishable products are the same.
Acceptance is considered correct and timely performed if a quality check was carried out and the goods were placed in the warehouse on time.
Preparation for sale
This stage consists in sorting, unpacking, packing, cleaning, ironing, packaging and labeling products. The number of all preparatory stages depends on the degree of initial readiness of the goods at the time of their receipt, complexity, list and other factors.
During unpacking, products are released from protective containers, sorted and grouped according to assortment attributes, and cleaned of dust, anti-corrosive lubricants and contaminants. If necessary, minor defects are eliminated. All of the above operations should be carried out in specialized rooms with the necessary equipment.
Sewing products that are already prepared for sale are sorted by height and size. They are ironed and cleaned. For ironing, a separate room must be allocated, in which there are ironing boards. Before putting them into the trading floor, silk and wool fabrics are measured and then rolled onto special boards, on the ends of which information about the article, price and grade of the goods is placed.
A small metal haberdashery is pre-packaged in packets of 10, 15 and 20 pieces. Laces and ribbons are wound on special cardboard or plywood tablets.
In order to prepare perfumes for sale, you need to especially carefully check the packaging so that there are no defects on it. Before you submit cinema, photo and projection devices to the trading floor, you need to check them for performance. Musical goods must be customized. Motorcycles and bicycles are cleaned of grease, complete, assemble and check for performance.
Most of the groceries come in bulk, and full preparation is already in the store. This applies to confectionery and groceries, as well as vegetables and fruits. Shops pack them with the help of the simplest installations or on table dial scales in specialized rooms. This area should be close to product storage. The workplace of the packer is equipped with packaging material and related equipment.
Before the goods are delivered to the hall, they are marked and placed in baskets, trays, trolley boxes or in other suitable containers.