In science, technology and in production, standardized terms and definitions apply to the field of labor safety. They are installed by GOST 12.0.002-80. The standard is currently in force as amended in 1980 and reprinted as amended No. 1 in November 1990. Along with other terms, it gives two separate definitions: harmful and dangerous production factors. The first are the factors, as a result of which, under certain conditions, a working employee may have a disease or have a negative impact on the health of his offspring, as well as decrease their working capacity. Dangerous - these are factors that, under certain conditions, lead to acute poisoning, trauma, a sharp and sudden deterioration in health, and sometimes death.
According to labor legislation, every employer is obliged to create safe working conditions and organize production control of compliance with labor protection requirements. Harmful production factors affecting working employees should be within regulated boundaries and not exceed the established permissible values. According to the articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer must assess the state of working conditions and organize certification of jobs, identify risks, develop measures to minimize them and organize real improvements in accordance with regulatory documents. Harmful production factors are listed and classified by GOST 12.0.003-74. They are divided into four groups: chemical, biological, physical and psychophysiological.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 302 dated 04/12/2011 (the Order No. 90 of 1996 was canceled earlier), updated lists of harmful and dangerous factors and work were introduced, in which primary and periodic medical examinations or examinations must be carried out without fail . In addition, the procedure for their implementation was approved. These documents are prepared in accordance with the articles of the current Labor Code. Periodic medical examinations and examinations are always carried out only at the expense of the employer himself and in accordance with the lists of work detailed for each structural unit. The organization also draws up lists of employees and a list describing harmful production factors for each specific employee with an established frequency.
The medical institution, together with the labor protection service, determines the frequency and volume (medical specialists, as well as laboratory and functional studies) of a medical periodic examination, taking into account harmful factors in the work environment for this employee. After preparing all the documents, the head of the organization (company, company, institution, etc.) issues an order on the timing and procedure for conducting a medical examination, taking into account the characteristics of each structural unit. This document is brought to the attention of all employees, and they must receive an opinion on the results of a medical examination in a timely manner. Only with the conclusion of the commission on the suitability of the employee can be admitted and begin to work. Otherwise (if it is required to exclude the influence of specific factors), the employee is suspended from work, and the personnel management service decides on his further employment. If the employee has violated the order and for valid reasons has not passed the medical examination, although this is his responsibility (Article 214 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), he is also suspended from work and the employment contract may be terminated at the initiative of the employer.
For all those entering the work, preliminary medical examinations are also organized at the expense of the employer . In this case, harmful production factors that characterize this workplace certified for labor protection , as recorded in the labor contract between the employee and the employer, are mandatory taken into account. In the absence of a positive opinion of doctors about the suitability for work in these production conditions, the refusal to hire is authorized.