Education is a procedure in the process of which the transfer of knowledge information from the teacher to the student. This process aims to form a set of certain knowledge and skills among students and pupils. As a rule, the learning process takes place in several stages. At the initial stage, theoretical knowledge is given, then the opportunity is given to practice it, and the final part is the control of knowledge and skills.
What are teaching methods ?
Under this term in pedagogical science is meant the transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the students in the process of their interaction, in which the assimilation of these data takes place. The main teaching methods are divided into three categories: visual, practical and verbal. Verbal is learning, the main tool of which is the word. In this case, the teacher’s task is to transfer information using words. This teaching method is the leading one and includes the following subtypes: story, lecture, conversation, discussion, as well as work with the textbook.
The process of assimilation of knowledge can occur when performing exercises, laboratory work, modeling the situations studied. This training takes place using practical methods. A visual method involves the use of manuals and improvised materials that reflect the essence of the phenomenon being studied. Visual methods fall into two broad categories: illustrations and demonstrations.
Heuristic Learning Systems
The heuristic method is also gaining more and more popularity. At the same time, the teacher poses a specific question, and students look for an answer to it. Using the heuristic method, the student does not receive a ready-made answer to the question, but learns to search for it independently. This method includes research, contests and essays.
Problematic method
Problematic learning is a method by which students resolve problem situations posed to them by students. The problem activates the thought process, and the student begins to actively seek a solution. This method allows you to learn how to use non-standard methods in solving problems, to show intellectual, personal and social activity.
Research method
As in the case of the problematic method, students are not informed of the finished answer or solution to the problem. Knowledge is acquired by students on their own. The teacher not only formulates the hypothesis in advance. Students draw up a plan to test it, and also draw conclusions. This training allows you to gain thorough and deep knowledge. The educational process when using the research method is intense and also helps students gain interest in the subject. This method cannot be applied constantly because of the large time costs, so teachers usually alternate it with other training systems.
The most difficult skills for a student
Instead, you should ask the following questions as often as possible: “How?”, “Why?”, “How do you think?”, “How would you explain this?” The most difficult skills for a child are reading and writing instruction. Writing is the highest mental function of a person. And the maturation of this function always occurs gradually. Therefore, no one can guarantee that it will be completed by the beginning of training in the first grade.
Is early learning harmful?
Some researchers believe that early learning can seriously affect the development of the child in the future. Those children who from the age of 4-5 years have been taught literacy and writing, since adolescence, showed much lower results. They were not active in games, were not spontaneous. Psychologists believe that the desire for success at an early age can serve to develop a tendency to competition and antisocial behavior. During a spontaneous game, on the contrary, children acquire communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution skills. The child needs not only literacy and arithmetic training, but also the ability to build relationships in the team. In the future, this helps emotional development, which is also important.
Is school preparation a guarantee of results?
Often a child attends school preparation; teachers praise him. But then for some reason, the training program begins to be given to him harder and harder. However, even attending training does not always guarantee that the child will successfully master the current program. After all, he can use only the material that he has "memorized", subsequently mechanically using the knowledge gained.
At the same time, the child’s brain does not get the opportunity to master the main skills: the ability to listen and analyze information, compare objects, choose, reason. Therefore, even if a first grader attended preparatory classes, with the start of schooling, it is necessary to continue to assist the child in mastering these skills. In order for children to be successful in first grade, it is necessary to refrain from giving them ready-made knowledge.
How to understand if a child is ready to study?
The beginning of schooling is an important event not only for children, but also for parents. After all, they also have to invest a lot of energy: to purchase stationery, clothes, a backpack, flowers for a teacher, come to the school line. However, the most important thing they should do is to make sure that the children are ready to learn. According to psychologists, there are several criteria for assessing a child’s readiness for school.
- The level of intellectual development. The readiness of the child by this criterion is determined by the quality of his thinking, memory and attention.
- Motivation. To find out if a child is ready for school by this indicator, you can simply ask if the child wants to go to school. It is also necessary to find out whether the baby is able to maintain a conversation, to observe the order of the queue if necessary.
- Physical fitness criteria. A healthy child is much easier to adapt to the conditions of schooling. Parents need not only to have a medical certificate in their hands, but also to be sure that the baby is ready for school. Be sure to check your hearing, eyesight, appearance (does the child look healthy and rested), as well as motor skills.