To achieve the learning objectives of students, various methods, means and forms of training and education are used. Let's talk in more detail about these components of the educational process in Kindergarten, schools, universities and other public institutions.
Forms of training and education
In modern teaching practice, there are several classifications that take into account the different characteristics of the forms of learning:
- By the method of obtaining knowledge: full-time, part-time, self-education.
- By the number of educational programs: simple and blended learning.
- According to the degree of teacher’s participation: self-education, independent, with the help of a teacher.
- By the number of teachers: ordinary and binary education.
- In the form of organization of a single lesson.
Forms: full-time, part-time and self-education
Today, the vast majority of pre-school and secondary schools in Russia are full-time, but the so-called evening schools are beginning to become more popular, which make it possible to combine special education with work after grade 9. Also, within the framework of this characteristic, an externate can be distinguished.
Forms of training by the number of programs
By the number of educational programs, simple and mixed (in two versions) forms of education are distinguished. Simple operates according to the scheme "1 school - 1 program." Blended learning is the participation of several educational institutions in the education of one child (for example, CPC, university complexes and the like). The second option of blended education is specialized training for high school students (in grades 10 and 11, one or more subjects are studied in depth).
Forms by the degree of participation of the teacher
They also distinguish self-education, self-study, the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and abilities with the help of a teacher (according to the degree of participation of the teacher). Self-study differs from self-education in that in the first case, the teacher sets the direction. This is the fulfillment of the tasks given by the teacher, but in the course of independent work. Teaching with the help of a teacher can be collective (class-lesson and lecture-seminar systems) or individual (home training, for example).
Normal and binary forms of learning
By the number of teachers, ordinary and binary education are distinguished. The usual option is the educational process according to the scheme “1 teacher - 1 class”, and binary education involves the invitation of another teacher.
Forms of training on how to organize a lesson
By the method of organizing a single lesson, the teacher himself chooses the form of training. Game lessons, seminars, disputes, master classes, lectures and the like can be held.
Training Methods
The learning method is the process of effective interaction between the student and teacher, with the aim of transferring new knowledge, skills or abilities through the educational process. The concept of "method" is diverse. There is still no single approach to highlighting the methods of the educational process in pedagogical science. So, different authors identify various methods and means of training and education.
Method classification
Traditionally, methods are classified as follows:
- Methods of organizing the educational process by the nature of obtaining new knowledge, skills and abilities (multimedia or technical, visual, verbal and so on); by the source of the educational material (reproductive, heuristic, explanatory and illustrative, and others); according to the logic of presentation and perception (deductive and inductive); by the degree of interaction of process participants (passive, interactive, active).
- Control methods: verbal and written verification work, mutual checks, self-checks, control and final work, tests.
- Methods of organizing reflection.
There are also methods and means of training and education developed specifically for certain subjects or to achieve certain goals, methods that combine several principles or are individual.
Learning Tools
Means of training and education in preschool educational institutions, secondary schools, technical schools, universities and other public institutions of various levels are all those objects that are used as tools for the activities of teachers, educators, and teachers. In other words, this is the substantive support of the educational process.
Learning Tools Functions
The main purpose of various means of training and education at school is to accelerate the development of the intended educational material by students. Thus, the use of certain means in the process of educational activities brings the results of activities closer to the most effective characteristics.
Levels of education and training
Pedagogical teaching and upbringing tools are used at all stages of the educational process. At the first level (lesson), students can work with tools such as:
- texts and exercises from a textbook or additional training materials;
- tasks and exercises, tests for students to solve during independent work;
- laboratory equipment, tools, materials for conducting experiments;
- computer programs on the topic of the lesson, presentations;
- forms of organization of educational activities of students in the lesson;
- various visual aids, for example, drawings, drawings and diagrams.
The next level is the subject in general. The list of training and upbringing tools at this stage includes didactic materials, textbooks, teaching aids, developments and recommendations on a subject, a developing environment for accumulating useful skills in a particular subject.
The third level is the entire learning process. Here, the means of instruction and upbringing are the system of school-wide requirements, the system of instruction itself, libraries, classrooms for conducting classes, and so on.
Typology of educational tools
The most diverse classification of training and education tools at the level of individual subjects. The following groups are distinguished, for example:
- Verbal means. This group includes textbooks, teaching aids, exercise books, handouts, tests, charts, drawings, and the like, that is, everything that allows you to gain new knowledge through the character system (numbers, letters, icons).
- Visuals. It can be: a microscope, drawings, maps, models, models and more. Such means of training and education are perceived through vision.
- Auditory. Any audio recordings on the topic of the lesson are the means; the information is perceived by the hearing organs.
- Audiovisual. This group includes cognitive and documentary films, educational videos and other materials that students perceive with their organs of vision and organs of hearing.
- Automation Tools Technical means of training and education include computer programs, local telecommunication networks.
Some educators also distinguish electronic educational resources, educational devices, teaching equipment, visual flat means (posters, stands, demonstration models in the context) into separate groups among teaching aids .
Material and ideal means
A different approach to the classification of Pidkasisty P. I. The teacher identifies ideal and material means of training and education. He considers various physical objects that the teacher uses in the course of the educational process to material means. It can be voluminous (devices, models) and printed (textbooks, posters) manuals, as well as projection material (video, presentations, audio recordings). Ideal learning tools are those knowledge, skills and abilities that students have already mastered and are now using to learn new knowledge.
Teaching and Learning Tools
Teaching and learning tools can also be allocated. The teaching tool may be, for example, equipment for a demonstration experiment used by a teacher to explain some learning material to students. The learning tool is, for example, equipment for a laboratory workshop, during which students consolidate new knowledge.
Principles of using funds
Pedagogical teaching aids should be used taking into account the age characteristics of students and didactic goals. It is necessary to adhere to diversity, i.e., apply both modern and traditional means in the course of the educational process. In addition, the co-creation of a teacher and a student cannot be ruled out.
Means of training and education are just as important as the living word of the teacher. These components of the educational process have an impact on all its other elements, namely goals, methods, content and forms.