In the text, a separate thought or completed sentence is. It is a combination of words that are grammatically and intonationally designed. So they act as statements or exhausted thoughts. In Russian, the order of words in a sentence will help to correctly pose the question, to induce action, to simply inform. Pronunciation intonation will indicate the need for punctuation.
What is a unit of language
The main unit of the Russian language is the sentence, as it is communicative. Construction takes place according to a certain principle. A sentence consists of words, each of which, when used separately, loses its linguistic essence. They are considered syntactic components, which subsequently become members and are connected by constituent parts.
Regardless of whether the text is written or used in conversation, adhere to a certain order of words in a sentence in Russian. If this is not done, the interlocutor or listener will not be able to understand what they want to talk about. In some situations, a double meaning arises.
Subject and predicate
The proposal includes major and minor members. Without major units, a language unit cannot exist. Minor may be absent. Subject is necessary for naming an object or phenomenon. Speaks in any part of the speech that answers the question "who?" or "what?".
- I'm walking in a park. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
- Trees stand in gold. (Noun.)
- Learning is our task. (Verb.)
- So a few minutes passed. (Collocation.)
A one-part title sentence includes a subject, indicating the presence of phenomena. However, more often next to it is the predicate. This is the second component of the main members. Part is necessary to indicate the action of the subject: "The sun has risen." In some cases, indicates a sign: "The bread was warm." Most often, the predicate acts as a verb. If it is present in the sentence in one word, it is called a simple verb predicate, consisting of two words - a compound verb predicate.
Simple sentence
Depending on the number of grammatical bases, a sentence can be simple and complex. Minor members are present or absent, indicating a characteristic such as prevalence and non-prevalence. The simple consists of one or two main members. One-part - a simple sentence with one word.
There are several varieties:
- Indefinitely personal: "He was asked to leave."
- Generally personal: "You can’t hide the awl in a bag."
- Impersonal: "It smells of air in spring."
- Definitely personal: "I stand and think."
- Infinitive: "Stand! Need to think."
- Uppercase: "Spring!".
The word order in a simple sentence is a certain arrangement of members in the usual form or inverse, which is called inversion. The first type is most often used in business speech, in scientific articles. The second is necessary for literary and artistic works, in colloquial speech.
In a two-part simple sentence, the options are the same. It has the subject and predicate, secondary members in the form of additions, definitions and circumstances. “We are talking about a new book. The sun came out from behind the clouds. Tomorrow I will go on vacation. "
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence contains two or more simple ones. They are connected intonationally and in meaning. This means that there will be as many grammatical bases as sentences. They are connected by punctuation marks and unions. Hence the name of the unionless.
There are two types:
- Complicated. Consist of several parts, which are independent and grammatically related. They are connected with the help of unions a, yes, but, but, however,. Complex unions neither ... nor ... are included here; then ... then ...; not that ... not that ... "He left, and I was upset. The plane stopped, and the passengers went to the exit. Either mom whispers softly, or dad calls loudly. ”
- Complicated. Two simple sentences are connected by subordinate unions. Among them, one part submits to another in grammatical and semantic terms. In Russian, the word order in a sentence is the same as in the first form. It differs in the use of subordinate unions if, when, therefore. Use with complex allied words due to the fact that; thanks to. “I can help if you tell me everything. We did it quickly, because we were helped. ”
There is a type of sentence in which parts are joined using punctuation marks. In non-union form, they are independent grammatically, but unequal in meaning. There are no unions and allied words: “The sun warmed, the birds sang. I said she was silent. "
How to put words together
The word order in a sentence is a specific arrangement of parts of speech that are grammatically related. It is considered free, that is, there is no fixed place for each of the members of the proposal. “The chef decorated the cake for a long time yesterday” - you can rearrange the words several times, which will allow you to get different construction options.
The direct and reverse order of words depends on the structure of the sentence, the use of members in the context. The reverse — inversion — is necessary in a literary text. It should be distinguished from the spoken language in which special offers are built according to special rules. Business and official style involves the use of direct order. The transfer of the idea to another person must correspond to what is written so that the facts are not distorted.
Statement of subject and predicate
The word order in the sentence, the intonation is different when choosing the stylistic direction of the text. Major members matter. The subject indicates who is most important, the predicate - what he is doing. They are put in random order. It is important not to violate or distort the transmitted data.
In narrative sentences, the subject is more often the first. "Mom said she was going to meet with classmates." Another statement is also possible: "First, my mother looked, and then my father decided to make sure."
The spelling of the predicate, and then the subject, can occur in several cases:
- In the author's words in direct speech. “Let's go to the cinema!” - Dad said decisively.
- When the subject is a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is being, the course of action. "Autumn has come. It was sunny weather. ”
- In the story when using the description. "The leaves are dancing, the moon is winking."
- As an inversion. "The work of a lifeguard is difficult."
- If at first, use the word of circumstance. "Guests have arrived from the Caucasus."
The interrogative sentences first put the predicate: "Will he save me?" The incentives are distinguished by the presence of orders, advice, so they are categorical. First put the subject. Otherwise, soften the tone. “You have finished sorting vegetables today. Finish you sorting vegetables today. ” In colloquial speech, a bunch of nominal predicates is used before the subject: "I was impatient, wayward."
Definition and its statement
What order of words in a sentence in the Russian language you need to know, since the secondary members also have their own meaning for the transmission of information. An agreed definition faces a related noun: verified data, impregnable mountains. If there are several, the order depends on morphology.
The pronoun comes to the fore: on this joyful day, your further actions. This also includes high-quality adjectives: early bright spring. Inconsistent definitions are put after the defined word. When a personal pronoun is possessive, it is written before the main word: "Nobody heard his objections."
Addition to the sentence
Among the minor members an important place is taken by the supplement. It is represented by a pronoun, a noun. When writing, they put after the control word: watch TV, ready for dialogue. It is important to pay attention to the transfer of certain information.
A sentence can be written in several ways.
- I liked the work.
- I liked the work.
- I liked the work.
- I liked the work.
- I liked the work.
In impersonal sentences, the addition is placed before the control word. “He will have to go outside in the rain. The girl is unwell. " If there are several additions, they all refer to one control word. In Russian, the word order in a sentence suggests several options. At first there is a direct view: "Explain your behavior to everyone present." An indirect variant in the dative case, on the contrary, is written before the direct one: "Tell us your wishes regarding the holiday."
Setting other members of the proposal
Before the predicate, they use the adverb on - o and - e: "We will definitely go to the rink." Some words are combined in reverse order. The circumstances of the course of action depend on other minor members: “Tourists walked slowly. Tourists walked slowly along a steep path. ” If measure and degree are implied, they are put before the word on which they depend. Temporary words are used before predicate verbs. The circumstances of the place are written at the beginning of the sentence, then the predicate and the subject: “The beautiful red sun sank to the left.”
Introductory words, particles, and prepositions are not members of a sentence. Their use occurs in free form. “Unfortunately, I cannot come. Unfortunately, I will not be present. " The appeal is also placed freely, however, it is most often used at the beginning of the sentence. This can be seen in the example: “Vanya, let's go for a walk. Come on, Vanya, let's look at the peacocks. Today we can’t come to you, Vanya. ” Particles put before the word to which they relate. The preposition cannot be torn from a controlled noun.
Making sentences is easy, as free expression of thought is allowed. The definition of the word order in a sentence must be known in order to convey a specific meaning. Change and incorrect construction leads to a distortion of facts, so the listener may not understand what is being reported to him.