Everyone should know how to apply dressings. The technique of applying some dressings is simple and does not require special skills. Others can only be properly applied by a specialist. Nevertheless, the general rules of this procedure are available to each of us. Pay attention to them.
General dressing rules
The roll with the bandage should be held in the right hand. The end of the bandage is held in the left hand. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the roll can roll out on the surface without problems.
Putting on a bandage, you need to use two hands. Roll out the roll with one hand, without tearing it off the surface of the body, and with the other adjust the bandage itself.
In the process of applying dressings, the types of which depend on the specific situation, you need to face the victim. This will allow him to control his condition.
Bandage from top to bottom, from the place where the diameter of the body surface is smaller.
The first winding must be fixed, making a slight kink of the bandage at the place where it started. On top of this place make another winding - retaining. Each subsequent winding of the bandage is made half the previous one.
When the bandage is over, the end of the bandage needs to be slightly cut longitudinally, forming two parts. Then, at the place of the incision, the bandage is gently torn, creating two parts of insignificant length. Of these, a knot is tied.
Dressings impose a tight, which allows you to not disturb blood circulation. Weakly impose them is also impossible, since they can easily slide from the wound.
General classification of medical dressings
It seems to many that by means of a bandage it is possible to stop bleeding or to prevent infection from entering the wound. In fact, the main purpose of the dressing is to fix the material for dressing. Having determined what type of wound, on which part of the body it is located, apply certain rules and methods of applying bandages. For these purposes, a classification of the device under consideration has been developed. So, the bandages distinguish:
- by purpose (functions that perform dressings);
- by type (mechanical properties);
- by type of material used;
- according to the method of fixing the dressing.
Initially, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the proposed classification, and then thoroughly studying the rules for applying bandages. Types of dressings vary. If even a schoolboy is able to cope with the imposition of some, then the application of others will require the professional skills of a qualified specialist. Do not forget that the methods of applying dressings depend on the specific injury on a particular area of the human body.
Destination classification
Depending on what function the medical dressing performs, the following types are distinguished:
- protective (aseptic) - to prevent re-infection of the wound;
- medicinal - to ensure continuous access of the medicine to the wound;
- hemostatic (crushing) - stops bleeding;
- immobilizing - to immobilize a part of the body (limb);
- with traction - provides traction of bone fragments;
- corrective - eliminates deformations;
- occlusal - seals the wound.
To quickly help a person in an emergency, you need to know how bandages are applied. The technique of applying this device will be discussed below.
Classification by type (mechanical properties)
Modern medical dressings are:
- soft - are used widely enough to treat a wide variety of wounds;
- hard - are used when it is necessary to create a motionless effect to treat damage or disease;
- elastic - an indispensable device in the process of combating the expansion of saphenous veins, as well as with venous congestion;
- radioactive - this is a special gauze on which there is an active coating of natural radioactive isotopes.
Soft and hard dressings are most common.
Classification by type of material used
Depending on what material the medical dressings are made of, they are divided into:
- gauze (there are bandage and bandless);
- fabric (use clothes, scarf);
- cotton-gauze (a cotton dressing is made from a piece of gauze and a small amount of cotton wool);
- gypsum;
- devices from medical or transport tires.
In medicine, special dressings are often used. A striking example is Unna's zinc-gelatin dressing, which is used to treat clean ulcers. It is distinguished by its properties (compression and bactericidal), is able to reduce venous congestion, improves the flow of venous blood, has an osmotic and hygroscopic effect on the ulcer.
Classification according to the method of fixation of dressings
Given the way medical dressings can be attached to a problem place, the following types of these devices are distinguished:
1. Bandless:
- adhesive - used for minor injuries, imposed on the area of the wound, are fixed on the dressing using special adhesive substances (collodion, gluol, plastic materials, BF-6 glue) ;
- adhesive plasters - used when it is necessary to bandage small wounds or acute purulent formations;
- kerchief - use first aid if necessary, it is possible to use it in critical situations, often this dressing is done in order to create temporary immobilization, applied over a protective dressing;
- scribe-like - they are a strip of fabric, cut longitudinally at the ends, in the center of which is not dissected material (a wide bandage can be used), they are applied to the protruding parts of the body (head, chin, nape, nose), on which the usual fixing bandage will not be held and from which bandage dressings slip;
- T-shaped - are used in the process of dressing wounds or sites in the perineum, in which the inflammatory process is observed;
- elastic tubular bandage - used when it is necessary to fix dressing material on a wound in any part of the body.
2. Bandages - soft bandages from bandages. They are used in orthopedics when bones and soft tissues are damaged, with burns, frostbite, and traumatology.
Soft bandage dressings
The main requirements for soft bandage dressings:
- closing of a sick part of the body;
- convenience;
- it should not disturb blood circulation;
- accuracy;
- it should not disturb lymph circulation.
Currently, doctors distinguish the following types of soft bandage dressings:
- circular (circular) - they both begin and end the dressing, are convenient for minor wounds located on the phalanges of the fingers, in the frontal region, in the lower third of the leg, on the wrists, in the middle of the shoulder;
- spiral - a bandage on the arm, stomach, chest;
- creeping (serpentine) - used when there is a need for reliable fastening of cotton-gauze pads, as well as during plastering;
- cruciform (eight-shaped) - used for laying in the chest, back, neck;
- turtles (converging, diverging) are dressings on joints (knee, elbow), which are a variant of cruciform (eight-shaped) dressings;
- spike-like - impose on the joint of the shoulder when revealing its pathology;
- returning - use when bandaging the head, on the terminal phalanges of the fingers.
- Deso dressings - find application when there are slight fractures of the clavicle and humerus, are used to straighten the dislocated shoulder, you can not do without these dressings when you need to fix the arm and bones after surgery;
- supporting (for the mammary gland) - impose if the area of the mammary gland was prone to burns, injuries, inflammatory processes, surgical intervention.
Soft bandage for individual parts of the body
The following types of dressings are applied to the head:
- returning (the Hippocratic cap, it is applied by means of two bandages or a double-headed bandage);
- scribe (if minor damage to the chin, frontal part, nose, parietal part, temporal and occipital areas take place);
- bridle (supports the lower jaw);
- "Cap" (the most convenient bandage for the head).
The bandage on the neck can be of the following types:
- glue (helps to firmly fix the dressing);
- cruciform (for localization of lesions formed in the upper body);
- circular (for bandaging the lower part of the jaw - this bandage goes into the cross in the back region).
The bandage on the neck should ensure the integrity of the bandaged area of the body. It should hold the dressing firmly. Such a bandage should not slip on the neck, squeeze it.
The following types of dressings are applied to the chest:
- spiral (use when the chest is wounded, the rib is broken, with inflammatory processes);
- cruciform (for applying to the chest in the back and front);
- supporting (on one or both mammary glands);
- spike-like (superimposed on the pelvis when the lower abdomen is damaged or pressure sores have formed in the sacrum, with damage to the inguinal region or perineum);
- T-shaped (used for bandaging in the perineum).
For the upper limbs, the following types of dressings are provided:
- recurring (use when the distal or middle phalanx of the finger is damaged);
- spike-like (for bandaging the thumb of the hand, region of the shoulder joint) ;
- “Glove” (bandage on the hand, when applying, the principle of bandaging one finger is used);
- "mitten";
- spiral (used in the area of the forearm);
- turtle (for bandaging the elbow joints);
- Deso dressing (used when a collarbone fracture occurs).
The following types of dressings are provided for the lower extremities:
- returning (for bandaging the toe);
- spiral (for applying to the first toe);
- spike-shaped (allows you to bandage the foot, while the fingers remain open);
- turtle (used in the heel and knee joint);
- spiral (used in the lower leg, may be with an excess on the thigh).
When there is a need for first aid, use kerchief dressings. They are easy to apply and do not require special skills. Handkerchiefs are scarves, cloth flaps, sheets.
Self-locking bandage
When there is a need to apply a pressure bandage or other device used for dislocations and during the treatment of edema or sprains, a self-fixing bandage comes to the rescue. It can also be used to fix not only dressings, but also any medical devices. This bandage is an excellent solution when you need to provide reliable compression without displacement for several hours.
Self-locking bandage is used in phlebology, orthopedics, traumatology.
Of course, a self-locking bandage is just a medical consumable. Nevertheless, it is very useful for people who play sports. Thanks to the fixation of certain sections on the body with such a bandage, it becomes possible to protect the athlete from sprains and dislocations.
Salt dressings
Despite the fact that these dressings receive rave and positive reviews, far from all diagnoses they can be used.
Today, these dressings can effectively cure somatic diseases, low-grade burns, chronic appendicitis, hemorrhages with hematomas, and festering wounds. When a decision is made to apply salt dressings, you need to know that:
- salt solution, the concentration of which is more than 10%, is unacceptable for dressing;
- breathable materials should be used for dressing;
- such dressings are contraindicated in people with a disease of the cardiovascular system;
- Salt dressings should not be applied to people who have kidney problems.
It is not worth it to prescribe yourself the use of such dressings. This procedure should be prescribed only by a doctor.
How to apply various dressings?
Now let's pay attention to such a process as applying bandages. The technique of applying these devices of various types and types is very similar. But there are also options that are radically different from everyone else.
Let's pay attention to the main options for applying bandage dressings.
Rules for applying a circular dressing:
- the first round is wound at an angle of 30 ° to that part of the body on which the bandage is applied;
- it is necessary to ensure that the end of the material used for bandaging goes about 5-10 cm beyond the area of the body on which the bandage is applied;
- when the first round is wound, the remaining end of the dressing is bent, after which it is fixed by means of subsequent rounds of the material used for bandaging;
- to avoid displacement of the bandage, each new round is imposed more tightly than the previous ones;
- Each new dressing round should close the previous ones.
Rules for applying a spiral dressing:
- the overlay begins with a circular dressing (slightly away from the site of damage);
- if a spiral bandage is applied without kinks (on the shoulder, thigh, chest), an elastic bandage is used;
- if a spiral bandage is applied with excesses (forearm, lower leg), then they are made exclusively in one line, trying to apply the bandage away from the damaged place;
- if when applying a spiral dressing that does not have kinks, it is not possible to fully match the bandage plane with the surface of the body, several kinks must be made with a further transition to a spiral bandage without kinks.
Rules for imposing a crawling dressing:
- application begins with a circular dressing, then each subsequent round is sharply moved in the proximal direction;
- you need to leave free spaces equal to the width of the bandage between each new round.
Rules for applying a cruciate dressing:
- start bandaging with a circular dressing;
- each new round is crossed and alternated with a circular type of dressing, while the bandage is positioned and moves with the new round in the proximal direction from the first circular dressing.
The technique of applying a spica bandage:
- start applying with a circular bandage in the shoulder girdle (this will fix the first rounds of the bandage);
- then bandage, moving from the diseased limb to the region of the shoulder joint, from it to the shoulder girdle, then along the surface of the chest to the axillary region from the opposite side and return to the sore shoulder and shoulder girdle;
- each subsequent round, passing through the chest and shoulder, is carried out with an upward shift of ½ tire.
Rules for imposing a return dressing:
- start by applying a circular dressing to the limb;
- on the front surface of the stump they bend;
- through the end of the stump lead a vertical tour of the bandage to its rear surface;
- each round that returns is fixed by means of a circular round;
- each new vertical tour is shifted towards the outer, and then the inner edge of the injured limb;
- all tours are additionally fixed due to the spiral bandage.
Plaster casts: types and application techniques
If someone has previously applied bandages, the technique of applying these devices will not be a novelty. But, most likely, I had to deal with soft bandage dressings. The fact is that even a schoolchild can cope with them. But there is a more serious type of dressings, the imposition of which should be trusted only by specialists.
Before you learn the basic rules for applying gypsum dressings, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the existing types of these devices.
Gypsum dressings include:
- circular primary dissected (after it hardens, it is immediately longitudinally dissected);
- fenestrated (in a circular dressing, make a hole over the area that is subject to treatment);
- bridge-like (impose instead of fenestrated when more extensive access is needed to the damaged area);
- articulated-gypsum (made of two circular couplings, in the joint area they are fastened with movable type hinges);
- staged (used when it is necessary to cure persistent arthrogenic contractures).
Basic rules for applying gypsum dressings:
- Be sure to check the availability of all tools and materials that may be needed;
- check the quality of the bandages for applying a plaster cast;
- high-quality fixation of limb damage is possible only if at least two joints adjacent to the damage are immobilized;
- in the process of fixing a limb, it is given an advantageous position (in terms of functionality);
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