A training manual is a publication that, firstly, is officially approved. Secondly, it corresponds to a specific program. Thirdly, fully (or partially) replaces (supplements) the textbook. Let us analyze the distinctive features, as well as the requirements that apply to them.
Features
What is the tutorial for? What is a methodological complex? These questions are relevant for teachers of educational organizations (schools, technical schools, academies, universities). Most often, it is released as an addition to the main textbook. All its sections are accompanied by control questions or (and) tasks of the curriculum that help to master knowledge in a particular discipline.
When applied
In some cases, the electronic textbook serves as the main publication of the discipline. In particular, if a new discipline of the federal component appears. According to which at the first stage there is no full textbook. Or it is not recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. It is during this transitional period that a study guide is required. What is a regional component? In the framework of the second generation GEF, it is introduced in all subjects of the school curriculum. The students are supposed to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the region (traditions, history, economics).
Differences
What is interesting tutorial? What is there in it that is not in a regular publication intended for training? Since it is created more quickly, relevant, new material on a specific scientific discipline is included in it. Information is provided within the framework of fundamental knowledge, but in addition to proven provisions and knowledge, the manual includes controversial issues that provide an idea of ​​a problem from different points of view.
Requirements for UP
What should be a quality study guide? What is important in it should be? The structure of the unitary enterprise must include the following required components:
contents (table of contents);
the purpose (purpose) of the publication, compliance with a specific curriculum;
type of publication and its location in the system of other educational publications in this discipline, novelty, relevance, specificity of the author's concept;
features of the structure of the allowance;
guidelines for use in educational activities;
description of the structure of benefits;
didactic, reference, bibliographic material
Content Specifics
Teaching aids in languages, natural subjects should correspond to the subject program approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The chapters, sections, paragraphs of its main part should be stated logically, according to the thematic plan of the subject.
In the thematic sections, conclusions, generalizations of the educational material are supposed. The presence of a didactic apparatus in the UP is also mandatory, which involves examples, control questions, exercises, tests, practical and computational tasks.
Compliance with the sequence of presentation of the material on the principle of "from simple to complex" also acts as a mandatory requirement for UP. All definitions and wording in the manual must comply with the scientific terminology accepted in the world.
The conclusion involves a generalization of the material. What are the requirements of modern Russian education? The training manual should end with the following points:
have key findings and recommendations;
include the prospects for the development of the branch of science (academic discipline);
include conclusions and outcomes
It should have recommendations regarding subsequent independent consideration of complex problems.
Reference and bibliographic apparatus UP
How is the training manual prepared? In addition to the selection of the main material, which was discussed above, special attention is paid to reference materials. The bibliography involves not only a list of books used to create it, but also a clear order of their arrangement. Sources are indicated in alphabetical order, publisher, year of issue, number of pages are noted.
If the workbook contains more than 10 copyright sheets, it is recommended to include alphabetic and nominal indexes in it. The requirements of GOST R 7.0.5.-2008 for bibliographic references are developed, the discrepancy of which is the basis for the refusal to publish the UP.
Review Requirements
There are certain requirements for reviewing the UP. It should give a clear assessment of the manual, analyze its advantages and main disadvantages, and also contain recommendations for use in the educational process. It consists of three blocks:
the main part;
page comments;
conclusions
In the general part of the review, an assessment of the manuscript under consideration according to certain criteria is noted:
compliance with the requirements of the standard;
the scientific nature and relevance of educational material to the level of professional educational programs;
correctness within the framework of intersubject communications;
setting goals and objectives within the framework of a personal approach to learning and orientation towards achieving the desired result;
innovativeness, novelty, the presence of an original author’s idea;
compliance with the standards of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation;
rationality and correct use of notation and special terms;
accessibility, clarity of presentation, completeness of the use of literature, the presence of references to applicable sources (formatted according to the rules);
correspondence of control tasks and questions to the general content of the material;
rationality of the use of illustrations, their relationship with the text;
the rationality of the arrangement of schemes, graphs, pictures, their quality;
the presence of stylistic and logical errors
The second part of the review is dedicated to the following issues:
a detailed list of comments noted by the reviewer (incorrect wording, stylistic and semantic errors, errors);
allocation of those places of the manuscript that, according to the expert, should be corrected (removed)
Last section
In conclusion, a reasonable concrete conclusion is supposed about the advisability of publishing the manuscript (with the elimination of all noted remarks) and its subsequent application in the framework of a particular specialty, for example, Economics. A study guide can for some time (until books are published) become a way of teaching schoolchildren, students.
The text of the review is drawn up on the form, which must indicate the name of the document, name, information about the reviewer (name, position), signature, date, stamp.
If a collective review is drawn up for a study guide, then an extract from the minutes of the collective meeting is drawn up, within which the manuscript was examined.
Options for university educational publications
Depending on the intended purpose, the unitary enterprise is divided into the following groups:
practical;
theoretical;
methodical
Such publications are published or posted on the university’s website. Regardless of the place of publication, the UP should in terms of structure and content meet the requirements for the declared type.
Good example
In the framework of the university program, such a subject as psychology is considered. The textbook on it is created in each institution of higher education separately (taking into account the specifics of the educational process). In particular, students of pedagogical educational institutions (specialties: “Correctional pedagogy”, “Deaf education”) are engaged in educational materials. In which the emphasis is on child psychology.
What should be included in the UP for this discipline? The introduction is devoted to the psychological commandments of the future Russian teacher. Special attention is paid to statistical studies on the assessment of children's health.
Next is the theoretical material on the following points:
general issues of child psychology;
modern ideas about normal development (deviations from the norm);
mechanisms of genetic influence;
the impact of social factors on the development of children of different ages;
types of mental dysontogenesis;
types of developmental abnormalities (dysontogenesis)
The next section of the manual includes special sections:
psychology of mentally retarded children;
the development of giftedness;
features of the formation of cognitive interest in subject areas;
psychology of children with mental retardation;
prevention of diagnosis and correction for mild deviations in psychophysical development
A separate place in the manual is taken by psychology. Students can take a short historical excursion into the subject, get acquainted with the causes of visual impairment, the specifics of the formation of the cognitive sphere, and the characteristics of the development of the emotional sphere.
The next section discusses issues related to the psychological and pedagogical diagnosis of various deviations.
A mandatory element of UP are applications. These include: tests, interviews for parents, development of activities for children with developmental disabilities. A textbook on psychology, intended for training future teachers, is being completed with a list of references.
To summarize
In the Russian education system, in addition to textbooks and reference books, special educational and methodological manuals are also used. Each scientific field has its own UP, differing in their main content. Despite the differences, there is a similarity in structure between all teaching aids. First, an introduction is proposed (setting goals and objectives), then the main material is presented (chapters and sections are highlighted), the conclusion contains conclusions and recommendations, the list of sources must comply with the requirements of GOST R 7.0.5.-2008 for Bibliographic references. Many academies and universities of the Russian Federation are developing their own UP, guided by the requirements for such materials by the Ministry of Education.