In the process of schooling the Russian language, students get acquainted with different types of analysis. This is a lexical analysis of the word, and analysis of the composition and methods of education. Children learn to parse a sentence into members, to identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also produce many other language operations.
Justification of the topic
After repeating the material passed in elementary school, students of the 5th grade begin the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of his study is parsing a word by sound. Why does phonetics begin a serious and deep acquaintance with one’s own speech? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - of words, and words - of sounds, which are those bricks, building material, the primary basis of the language, not only Russian, but any. That is why the analysis of the word by sound is the beginning of the formation of practical skills of schoolchildren in linguistic work.
The concept of phonetic analysis
What exactly does it include, and what do schoolchildren need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? Firstly, it is good to navigate the syllable division. Secondly, analysis of a word by sound cannot be made without a clear distinction between vowels and consonant phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (the word) includes iotated, soft or hard elements, double letters, the student must also be able to navigate which letter is used to indicate a particular sound in a letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (assimilation) and dissimilation (assimilation) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in textbooks, however, children get acquainted with these concepts). Naturally, parsing a word by sound cannot be done if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know the elementary rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher must seriously and responsibly approach the teaching of the Phonetics section.
Theoretical recommendations
What is a sound parsing scheme? What steps does it include? We will understand this in detail. To begin with, the token is written out of the text, the dash is put, after which it is written again, only divided into syllables. Stressed. Then the square brackets open, and the student must transcribe the word - write down how it is heard, that is, reveal its sound envelope, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next, under the transcription option, skip the line and drag down vertical line. All letters of the word are written in a column in front of it, after - sounds in square brackets and their full characteristics are given. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.
First example
How does all this look in practice, i.e. in a school notebook? First, we will perform a test analysis of the word by sound. Examples of analysis will provide an opportunity to understand many of the nuances. We write: the cover. Divided into syllables: by-the-va-lo. We transcribe: [pakrava’la]. We analyze:
- p - [p] - this is a consonant sound, it is deaf, paired, a couple - [b], solid;
- o - [a] is a vowel sound, unstressed;
- k - [k] - sound acc., it is deaf., paired., [pair - g], solid .;
- p - [p] - consonant sound , sonorous, therefore unpaired in sonority, solid;
- s - [s] - is a vowel in this position unstressed;
- in - [in] - this sound according to., is sonorous, his pair - [f], solid;
- a - [a´] - vowel in shock position;
- l - [l] - this is the sound of acc., refers to sonorous, therefore unpaired., solid;
- o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.
Total: 9 letters in a word and 9 sounds; their number is completely the same.
Second example
Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sound. We act according to the already outlined scheme. Divide it into syllables, set the accent: friends. Now we write in the transcribed form: [druzy'y'a´]. And analyze:
- d - [d] - consonant, it is voiced and paired, a couple is [t], solid;
- p - [p] - acc., sonorous, sonorous, unpaired, hard;
- y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;
- s - [s'] - acc., is voiced, has a deaf couple - [s], soft and also paired: [s];
- I - [th '] - half-vocal, sonorous always, therefore unpaired, always soft;
This word has 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number coincides, since b does not indicate sound, and the letter I after a soft sign indicates two sounds.
Example three
We show how to parse the word "language" by sounds. You know the algorithm. Write it out and divide it into syllables: I-tongue. Transcribe: [y'izyk]. Disassemble phonetically:
- I - [th '] - half-vocal, sonorous, unpaired always, only soft;
- [a] - this sound is vowel and unstressed;
- s - [s] - acc., sonorous, doubles, couple - [s], firm;
- s - [s´] - vowel, stressed;
- k - [k] - consonant, deaf, paired, [g], solid.
A word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not coincide because the letter I stands at the absolute beginning and denotes 2 sounds.
Example four
Let's see how the analysis of the word "squirrel" sounds. After his discharge, make the following words: squirrel. Now transcribe: [be'lka]. And perform an alphanumeric analysis :
- b - [b '] - acc., voiced, doubles, [n], soft;
- e - [e´] - vowel, stressed;
- l - [l] - acc., sonorous, unpaired., in this case, solid;
- k - [k] - acc., deaf., doubles, [g], solid;
- a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.
This word has the same number of letters and sounds - 5. As you can see, phonetic analysis of this word is quite simple. It is only important to pay attention to the nuances of its pronunciation.
Fifth example
Now let's do a parsing of the word "spruce" by sounds. This should be interesting for fifth graders. It will help to repeat and consolidate the phonetic features of iotated vowels. The word consists of one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed as follows: [yél ']. Now we will analyze:
- e - [th '] - half-vocal, sonorous, unpaired, soft;
- l - [l´] - consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired, in this word soft;
Thus, in the word "spruce" 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E stands for 2 sounds, because it stands at the beginning of a word, and the soft sign of sounds does not mean.
Draw conclusions
We gave examples of phonetic analysis of words consisting of a different number of syllables and sounds. The teacher, explaining the topic, teaching his students, should try to fill their vocabulary with appropriate terminology. Speaking of the sounds "H", "P", "L", "M", you should call them sonorous, simultaneously indicating that they are always sonorous and therefore do not have a pair of deafness. [J] is not sonorous, but also only sonorous, and in this parameter adjoins the 4 previous ones. Moreover, it was previously believed that this sound refers to consonants, but it is justifiable to call it half-vowel, because it is very close to the sound [and]. What is the best way to remember them? Write down the sentence with the children: "We did not see the girlfriend." It includes all the sonorous.
Special Parsing Cases
In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of a word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the word form of “horses” will look like this in transcription: [lashyd'e´y '], “rain” - [do´sch']. It’s quite difficult for fifth graders to deal with such and similar cases on their own. Therefore, the teacher should try to analyze interesting examples in the lessons and draw the attention of students to some linguistic subtleties. This also applies to such words as “holiday”, “yeast,” that is, containing double or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: holiday, [prazzn'ik]; shiver, [shake]. Above the "g" should draw a line indicating the duration of the sound. Here, the role of the letter I. is also non-standard. Here it denotes the sound Y.
About the role of transcription
Why does a word need to be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the token. That is, to visually show how the word looks in its sound envelope. What is the purpose of such an analysis? It consists not only in comparing
language units (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in which positions the same letter denotes different sounds. So, it is traditionally believed that in the Russian language the vowel “” always stands in a strong stressed position. However, in words of foreign origin, this rule does not work. The same applies to complex tokens consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective trinuclear. His transcription is as follows: [tr'ioh'a'd'irny ']. As you can see, the percussion sound is here [a].
On the issue of gambling
Syllabilization is also a rather complicated issue for fifth graders. Typically, the teacher orientates the children to this rule: how many vowels in a word, so many syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; in the shower: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases when vowels are surrounded by consonants. A different situation is somewhat more difficult for children. For example, in the word "blue" there is a confluence of vowels. Students find it difficult to syllable such options. It should be explained to them that here too the rule remains unchanged: si-nya-i (3 syllables).
These features are observed during phonetic analysis.