Clever Geek Handbook

Blood test in children: a transcript of the results and the norm of indicators

In the article, we will consider how to decipher the results of a blood test in children.

A clinical or general study of blood samples in children (as in adults) is the most commonly used laboratory diagnostic technique. Such an analysis is simple, affordable, has a high indicator of informativeness, is carried out in order to assess health or clarify the proposed diagnosis.

If, when decoding, the results of a blood test in children are much higher than normal, then such a change for parents will not go unnoticed, as it can affect the well-being of the child. If the deviation is insignificant, then you should not worry ahead of time.

So, we will consider the norm and decoding of the general analysis of the blood of the child.

blood test results transcript in children

General Analysis Characteristics

A general study of children's blood samples allows you to diagnose pathologies in the early stages of development, evaluate the immune system, and identify processes that are inflammatory in nature. Often, the pediatrician focuses on the MID and ratios of other blood cells. MID is an indicator of the number and percentage of various types of white blood cells: basophils, monocytes, eosinophils. In addition, with the help of KLA, it is possible to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy.

A blood test for a child is performed on an empty stomach.

The sample is taken by piercing the ring finger with a special disposable tool - a scarifier. Then, using a pipette, a laboratory worker takes capillary blood, puts it in a test tube, and sends it to the laboratory for research. During the study:

  1. The amount, size, shape of blood elements is determined.
  2. The hemoglobin content is calculated.
  3. The average hemoglobin coefficient per red blood cell is determined, and the color index is calculated.
  4. Fix the relationship between the formed blood elements and plasma.
  5. Calculate the rate at which red blood cells settle - ESR.

How to pass a blood test to a child?

Preparation for the delivery of biomaterial

In order to prepare for a blood sample, you should follow just a few simple recommendations. Equally important is the delivery of biomaterial on an empty stomach. A child is allowed to drink only water before taking a blood sample. Violation of the recommendation may affect the reliability of the result - during the study, an increased content of white blood cells can be detected, which will be reflected in the decoding. However, newborn babies should not be given a fasting blood sample, on the contrary, the result may be adversely affected by the large interval between feedings. It will be optimal to feed the baby with breast milk or a mixture 1-2 hours before the biomaterial is taken.

The next aspect of preparing for blood sampling is psychological. It is recommended to warn the child in advance about the upcoming procedure and explain to him the rules of blood donation, tell how the laboratory assistant will take it. You should not deceive the child and say that the procedure is painless - it is better to honestly report that it will be a little unpleasant. Otherwise, you can shock the child and lose his confidence.

You can take a blood test for a child at any medical institution.

blood counts in children

Blood sampling procedure on the KLA

A blood sample for the KLA is taken by piercing the small external vessels located in the fingers. Laboratory testing of blood in newborns is characterized not only by a different form, but also by the process of blood sampling, which is taken by piercing the heel, in rare cases - the toe. The puncture site is treated using an alcohol swab, after which a puncture or incision is made with a quick movement and, pressing on the finger, blood is collected.

After the sampling has been completed, the laboratory technician applies a drop of blood to the glass slide and grinds using another glass. A special dye is added to the smear, and then, using a microscope, the number of blood cells is counted, other indicators are evaluated.

Decoding the results of a blood test in children

According to the results of the analysis, the specialist reveals the level of hemoglobin. The assessment is made according to three main graphs - hemoglobin, an indicator of the average hemoglobin content in each red blood cell, and a color indicator.

In addition, they analyze such indicators as:

  1. Hematocrit, increased concentration of red blood cells. This indicator shows whether the child consumes enough fluid.
  2. Eosinophils, neutrophils. Allow you to evaluate the reserve of immunity of the child.
  3. ESR Indicates the presence of an inflammatory process.
  4. Lymphocytes, neutrophils. Indicate in the results of a blood test in a child an infection of a bacterial or viral origin.
blood test from a child’s finger

Hemoglobin

This substance captures oxygen in the lungs and transports it to other tissues. It contains protein and iron. If there is a deficiency of iron, then we can judge the presence of iron deficiency anemia. In this case, a reduced hemoglobin level is recorded. In the results, hemoglobin can be indicated by the following terms and abbreviations: Hb, HGB, hemoglobin.

Normal values ​​in a blood test in children depend on the age of the child and look as follows (g / l):

  1. Children 0-7 days from birth - 145-225.
  2. 7-14 days - 125-205.
  3. 1 month - 100-180.
  4. 2 months - 90-140.
  5. 3-6 months - 95-135.
  6. 6 months - 1 year - 100-140.
  7. 1-2 years - 105-145.
  8. 3-6 years - 110-150.
  9. 7-12 - 115-150.

In infants receiving only breast milk, hemoglobin levels are generally lower than in children receiving artificial nutrition.

If hemoglobin is below normal, then the cause may lie in anemia. In this case, you should adjust the diet of the child and exclude the presence of bleeding (hidden), oncology.

If hemoglobin is elevated, the cause may be blood clotting. In this case, it is indicated to give the child more fluid. It is allowed to use ordinary water, fruit drinks, fruit drinks, the presence of sweet soda, confectionery, fatty foods is excluded.

What else reveal the results of a blood test in a child?

Red blood cells

They are red blood cells that resemble balls flattened on both sides. They contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen. In the KLA results, red blood cells can be identified as follows: RBC, er, red blood cells.

Normal indicators of the concentration of red blood cells depend on the age of the baby, they look as follows (* 1012 / l):

  1. Newborns 1-3 days - 4-6.6.
  2. 4-7 days - 3.9-6.3.
  3. 8-14 days - 3.6-6.2.
  4. 15-30 days - 3-5.4.
  5. 2 months - 2.7-4.9.
  6. 3-6 months - 3.1-4.5.
  7. 0.5-2 years - 3.4-5.2.
  8. 3-12 years old - 3.5-5.

When the concentration of red blood cells is reduced, it is possible to judge the presence of chronic inflammation or anemia. In this case, bleeding should be excluded, consult a pediatrician and a hematologist.

If the indicator is below normal, then the cause may be blood clotting, the presence of a tumor, hereditary pathology. In this case, it is recommended to give the child more fluid (fruit drinks, fruit drinks, water), to limit the intake of sweet soda, fatty foods, and confectionery. If there is no effect, consult with a geneticist and hematologist.

general blood test of the child norm and decoding

Color indicator

Reflects the relative concentration of hemoglobin in the composition of red blood cells. That is, this indicator characterizes the quantitative presence of hemoglobin in the red blood cell in comparison with the normal value.

To determine the CPU, use the formula: 3 * HGB / eri. ERI in this case is the first three digits of the quantitative indicator of red blood cells.

The normal CPU score is 0.85-1.15. With a lowered CP, one can judge the presence of anemia or a hereditary pathology.

Currently, in laboratories, this indicator is rarely determined, and red blood cell indices are used instead.

There are several red blood cell indices.

MCV. It characterizes the average cell volume. That is, this is the actual value of the red blood cell. Measure it in micrometers or femtoliters.

Normal MCV indicators are as follows (fl):

  1. Newborn - 140.
  2. 1 month - 1 year - 71-84.
  3. 2-5 years - 73-85.
  4. 5-10 years - 75-87.
  5. From 11 years old - 80-100.

Red blood cells, depending on their size, are called as follows:

  1. The size is normal - normocytes.
  2. The size is less than normal - microcytes.
  3. Size is above normal - macrocytes.

With a lower MCV, you can judge the following:

  1. The disturbed balance of water and salts according to the hypotonic type. In this case, a consultation with a nephrologist is required.
  2. Hyperthyroidism Endocrinologist consultation shown.
  3. Thalassemia, anemia of sideroblastic or iron deficiency type. Hematologist treatment required.
  4. Lead intoxication. Toxicological therapy is required.
  5. Hemolysis. The therapy is shown in a hospital - in the department of pathology of the newborn.

With an increased MCV, you can judge the following:

take a blood test for a child
  1. The disturbed balance of water and salts according to the hypertonic type. In this case, it is required to exclude sausages, salted, smoked products, all products that contain flavoring additives and nitrates from the child’s diet. In addition, a nephrologist consultation is indicated for the child.
  2. Damage to the bone marrow, liver. A pediatrician examination is required.
  3. Folic Acid Anemia, B12. Hematologist therapy is indicated.
  4. Uncontrolled use of antibiotic drugs. The child should be shown to the pediatrician, the treatment of any disease should be carried out only under the supervision of a doctor.
  5. Hyperglycemia. Endocrinologist consultation required.

The MCH index reflects the hemoglobin content in the average red blood cell. The norm indicators are as follows (pg):

  1. Newborns - 29-37.
  2. 1-2 months - 27-34.
  3. 2-4 months - 25-32.
  4. 4-6 months - 24-30.
  5. 6-9 months - 25-30.
  6. 9 months - 1 year - 24-30.
  7. 1-3 years - 22-30.
  8. 3-9 years old - 25-31.
  9. 9-15 years old - 26-32.

With a reduced MCH, one can judge the presence of chronic inflammation, vitamin B6 deficiency, hereditary pathologies, lead poisoning, and iron deficiency anemia.

Elevated MCH may indicate oncology, liver disease, hypothyroidism, hyperchromic anemia.

The MCHC index reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin immediately in all red blood cells. Normal indicators are as follows (g / l):

  1. Newborns - 280-360.
  2. 1-2 months - 280-350.
  3. 2-4 months - 290-370.
  4. 4 months - 1 year - 320-370.
  5. 1-3 years - 320-380.
  6. 3-15 years - 320-370.

A decrease in the index may indicate hemoglobinopathy, thalassemia, iron deficiency anemia. An increase in the index may indicate congenital spherocytosis, incorrect calculation of the indicator in the laboratory.

Often in a child, platelets are elevated in a blood test.

Platelets

Platelets are also red blood cells. Outwardly, they resemble small platelets; their main function is to ensure normal blood coagulation. In the decoding of the KLA, they can be indicated as follows: platelets, PLT, tr.

The norms of the results of a blood test in children depend on age (* 109 / l):

  1. Newborns - 180-490.
  2. 1-12 months - 180-400.
  3. 1-6 years - 160-390.
  4. 7-12 years old - 160-380.
  5. 13-15 years old - 160-360.

With a low platelet count, we are talking about thrombocytopenia, with increased - about thrombocytosis.

Thrombocytopenia may indicate the presence of any prolonged infection, hemophilia, as well as the use of certain medications. Thrombocytosis may result from anemia, leukemia, and tuberculosis.

Also, a child has a high white blood cell count in a blood test.

White blood cells

They represent a whole group of blood cells that differ in shape, properties, size. All of them provide protection of the body against infectious lesions provoked by foreign agents, viruses, and bacteria. In this regard, the concentration of leukocytes has a significant diagnostic value.

The lifespan of leukocytes is 10-12 days, their death occurs in the process of neutralizing pathogens. The loss of red blood cells is constantly replenished by the body. Their formation occurs in the tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

In the results of the KLA, white blood cells can be indicated as follows: WBC, lake., White blood cells.

Normal indicators for children are as follows (* 109 / l):

  1. Newborns - 10-30.
  2. 1-4 weeks - 8.5-15.
  3. 1-6 months - 7.7-12.
  4. 7-24 months - 6.6-11.2.
  5. 3-4 years - 5.5-15.5.
  6. 4-6 years - 5-14.5.
  7. 6-10 years - 4.5-13.5.

A low white blood cell count may indicate thyroid pathology, neoplasm, anemia, leukemia, copper, iron deficiency, folic acid hypovitaminosis, B1, B12, prolonged unsystematic use of antibiotic and some other medicines, radiation sickness, viral, herpetic infection.

The increased content of leukocytes may be a consequence of the initial stage of the development of radiation sickness, poisoning with aniline, nitrobenzene, the condition after splenectomy, extensive burns, systemic pathology of the blood, connective tissue, leukemia, injuries accompanied by large blood loss, vaccination, the predominance of animal food in the diet, and eating before blood sampling or physical activity, bacterial infection.

White blood cells are heterogeneous, so experts always take into account their number and white blood cell count. It distinguishes lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils.

A blood test from a child’s finger is very informative.

Eosinophils

This type of white blood cells allows specialists to determine the presence or absence of allergic reactions in the body of the child. They are included in the leukocyte formula, because they are calculated as a percentage of the number of all leukocytes. In the decoding of the KLA, they can be indicated as follows: EO, eos., Eosinophils.

The following indicators are considered normal (%):

a child’s blood count is elevated
  1. Newborns - 1.7.
  2. 1-12 months - 1-5.
  3. 1-2 years - 1.7.
  4. 2-6 years - 1-6.
  5. 6-12 - 1-5.

Excess concentration of eosinophils may indicate a beginning infection, sepsis, intoxication with heavy metals, impaired hematopoiesis. A reduced concentration of eosinophils can be a consequence of pathologies of the hematopoietic system, connective tissue, infectious pathologies (mononucleosis, scarlet fever, tuberculosis), helminthic invasion, and allergic diseases.

Passing a general blood test to a child is very simple.

Basophils

They belong to leukocytes, in the body they play an important role. They are the first to respond to the penetration of pathogens, trying to stop or neutralize them. The results are designated as VA, bas., Basophils. The normal content of basophils in children's blood is 0.5-1%.

A decrease in the concentration of basophils may indicate leukemia, hormonal therapy, stress, and acute inflammation. Excess - on the pathology of the pancreas, thyroid gland, leukemia, inflammation, chronic infection, allergies.

Another designation in a blood test in LYM children is lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes

This type of white blood cells takes part in the synthesis of antibodies, the destruction of foreign and own damaged cells. In addition, they accumulate in places of traumatic injury to prevent the penetration of pathogenic agents.

Normal is considered the following concentration of lymphocytes (%):

  1. 1-2 days - 24.
  2. 3-7 days - 24-49.
  3. 1 month - 61.5.
  4. 2-8 months - 59-60.
  5. 9-12 months - 54.5.
  6. 2 years - 51.
  7. 4 years - 44.
  8. 5-6 years - 42.
  9. 8 years - 39.5.

The concentration of lymphocytes can decrease due to stress, chronic liver pathologies, immunodeficiency, the development of a malignant tumor, radiation exposure, the use of hormonal medications. A decrease in the concentration of lymphocytes can be noted against the background of the use of antibiotic, painkillers, antiepileptic drugs, poisoning with lead, carbon disulfide, arsenic, lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, pertussis, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, viral infections (CMVI, rubella, measles, influenza, OR).

Monocytes

Monocytes cleanse the body of degenerated and damaged cells, viruses, bacteria.

Normally, their content is as follows (%):

  1. 1-7 days - 9-11.
  2. 1-12 months - ten.
  3. 1-2 years - 11.
  4. 3-6 years - 9.
  5. 7-10 years old - 9-10.

A reduced concentration of monocytes can be observed with exhaustion, anemia, stress, the use of hormonal medications, and viral infections. An increase in the concentration of monocytes may be due to poisoning with phosphorus or tretrachloroethane, tuberculosis, leukemia.

One of the important indicators of a general blood test in children is ESR.

ESR

With UAC, even the measurement of the rate at which erythrocyte sedimentation occurs is carried out, in the interpretation of ESR it can be designated as ESR and ESR. In children, this indicator is normally the following (mm / h):

norms of blood test results in children
  1. 1-7 days - 2-4.
  2. 1-12 months - 3-10.
  3. 1-5 years - 5-11.
  4. 6-14 years old - 4-12.

ESR can be reduced as a result of dehydration, infections accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, viral hepatitis, congenital heart disease. , , , , , .

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