Preschool oligophrenopedagogy plays an important role in the development of children with serious mental health problems.
Stages of development
Studies conducted in the field of training and education of preschool children with serious intellectual disabilities, allowed us to distinguish three periods:
- The development of correctional pedagogy from 1930 to 1978. At this time, pedagogical experience was accumulating, the psychological, pedagogical and clinical features of the state of mentally retarded children of the preschool period were studied, the legal framework, scientific and methodological literature for the creation of special correctional preschool educational institutions were being prepared.
- Modernization of the content of correctional and educational activities in preschool institutions for children with intellectual disabilities from 1978 to 1992.
- Focus on early detection of intellectual disorders in preschoolers, psychological and pedagogical correction of the identified violations, connecting parents to the educational process (1992 - today).
The formation of oligophrenopedagogy at the preschool educational institution
Let us analyze the periods of its formation in more detail.
The theory of L. S. Vygotsky played a special role in the first. In the thirties of the last century in Russia, the basic laws of the formation of the children's psyche were revealed. Studies conducted during that period showed that the formation of higher mental functions of a person occurs after birth. This process is influenced by the social environment, training and education. As a result of the data obtained, teachers were able to assess the relationship of social and biological factors in the development of a preschooler, the basics of oligophrenopedagogy appeared.
Domestic theory of the development of knowledge of preschool children
Scientists have established the fact of the gradual formation of knowledge of preschoolers by revealing the possibilities laid down in it. The theory of L. S. Vygotsky allowed teachers to choose new methods of oligophrenopedagogy for preschool age.
Soviet psychologists D. B. Elkonin, A. N. Leontyeva showed that learning is not only a leading factor in the formation of intelligence, the development of mental processes, but also in the development of creative activities of preschool children. The result of the long work of a group of teachers in close relationship with psychologists was the emergence in the second half of the last century of developing education in preschool pedagogy.
The importance of developmental education for oligophrenopedagogy
A similar way of teaching mentally retarded preschoolers appeared in 1975. It was at this time in Moscow that a special preschool institution was opened for children with intellectual disabilities. In the course of research, it was possible to establish that correction of abnormal development is possible only with developing training, using the theory of sensitive periods. A kid with developmental disabilities needs a detailed and timely pedagogical impact. The effectiveness of corrective and educational activities directly depends on when the work was started. Oligophrenopedagogy - this is the upbringing and development of such children. The sooner problems are identified, a program is developed to address them, the more likely that the correction will have positive results.
Program for the education of mentally retarded preschoolers
It was published in 1976. In addition to creating educational and training methods, special recommendations were developed for their implementation in preschool educational institutions for children with intellectual disabilities. The methodology noted that oligophrenopedagogy is a branch of defectology specializing in the problems of development and education of mentally retarded babies.
At the end of the 20th century, research continued in this area of pedagogy. Retraining on oligophrenopedagogy of educators and children's psychologists was carried out. The result of the work of a group of psychologists and teachers of the preschool educational institution was the creation of a theory of an active approach to the development of the personality of a preschool child. Researchers have published several scientific collections in which it was noted that oligophrenopedagogy is not a sentence, but an occasion for the intensive work of teachers. A special program developed by O. P. Gavrilushkin and N. D. Sokolov, designed to educate and educate mentally retarded preschool children, appeared in the 80s of the last century.
It refers to the fact that oligophrenopedagogy is an important area of pedagogical activity, which implies a comprehensive approach to the development and education of kids with intellectual disabilities. The emphasis was placed on creating optimal conditions for the formation of children's activities. Designed training programs for the development of preschoolers from 3 to 8 years. They involve the identification and correction of the personality of a baby with impaired intelligence.
Attention is paid to an integrated approach to the activities of children with intellectual disabilities.
The specifics of children's oligophrenopedagogy
So what is oligophrenopedagogy? The definition indicates that in the first place we are talking about a system of actions aimed at overcoming mental disorders in preschool children, helping these children to adapt to the social environment. In addition to the traditional role-playing games used in the DOW, special attention is paid to visual activity. Children who have serious problems with intelligence are involved in educators and psychologists in the design, they are offered classes in modeling, drawing. In the course of such activities, the development of fine motor skills in preschoolers takes place, their speech apparatus develops, and communicative communication skills are formed. Even with serious deviations in development, with the correct approach of educators and psychologists, it is possible to form elementary mathematical representations, as well as laying the foundations of behavior in society.
Modern oligophrenopedagogy
What is oligophrenopedagogy currently studying? The attention of educators and psychologists is attracted by the search for new forms and methods of working with preschoolers who are far behind their peers in intellectual development. Basically, special correctional preschool institutions act as a form of providing corrective support to preschool children with problems in intellectual development. It is here that speech therapy is well developed. Oligophrenopedagogy operates according to special programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, in close interconnection of educators with medical workers, child psychologists.
Research in the Russian Federation on oligophrenopedagogy
Modern research carried out in the field of correctional pedagogy is primarily focused on creating a special concept for the early detection of problems, providing timely psychological and pedagogical correction of the revealed deviations in the mental development of preschool children. In order for the work of specialists to be effective, corrective pedagogy must be developed in conjunction with the institution of family education.
The use of the family-social approach in the early diagnosis of intellectual disabilities in preschoolers implies the support of a specialist defectologist. After identifying problems, the question of further education of the baby is resolved. A special commission is being created, which includes not only medical workers, but also a defectologist, educator, speech therapist, and child psychologist. If doctors confirm the diagnosis, if serious mental abnormalities are found, the preschooler is sent for further education and training in a specialized preschool institution.
The tasks of preschool oligophrenopedagogy
The main subject of preschool oligophrenopedagogy is the study of the theoretical parameters of training and education of mentally retarded children. It is at this age that the fastest formation of properties and qualities that transform a biological being into a person takes place. At this stage of development, a certain foundation is created, which is necessary for the subsequent formation of special skills and abilities, the assimilation of different types of activities.
In addition to the qualities and properties of the psyche of children, which determine the nature of behavior, there is a formation of attitude to the world, nature. If during this period it is not possible to fully correct the intellectual development of the baby, this will negatively affect its subsequent development.
Conclusion
Oligophrenopedagogy has recently attracted the attention of psychologists and teachers, since, unfortunately, there are more and more children with serious deviations in intellectual development. The staff of many preschool institutions has a psychologist, a speech therapist. Their task is to identify at the early stages of development problems with speech, memory, concentration, etc. It is on the professionalism of these employees that it determines whether deviations in the intellectual development of preschool children are identified in a timely manner. The main problem is that many adverse factors related to mental retardation are protracted.
GEF of the second generation, introduced in preschool educational institutions, is aimed at early diagnosis of the creative abilities of babies. With the serious attitude of the educators to the new federal educational standards, specially invented for pre-school state institutions, it is possible to quickly identify children with mental retardation in the group of children, provide them with all possible assistance, and involve professionals: doctors, psychologists, speech therapists in working with such preschool children.