What is a verb adjective? What is the difference between this part of speech and the participles formed, it would seem, in the same way? What is the origin of the adjective for the spelling of its suffix?
In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to determine the terms and what they mean.
The adjective is the part of speech that denotes an independent attribute of an object. Words of this morphological group are either non-derivative (their origin by other lexical units is not motivated), or are formed on
behalf of a noun (anonymous).
Participles at the same time combine the properties of adjectives and verbs. Their role in the language is the designation of a sign due to action.
A verb adjective is a special word that can, under certain conditions, become a participle or express an independent attribute of an object. How is this possible?
To understand this phenomenon, it should be remembered that passive participles are formed exclusively from
verbs of a perfect form. The action to which a certain object was subjected is completed, and now the result of this process is expressed by the participle:
- overcooked fish - overcook (sov.v.);
- painted fence - paint (Sov.v.).
The verb adjective, reminiscent of a passive participle, came from an imperfective verb. The action on which the item’s attribute is based is not completed. Therefore, sending a specific characteristic to the process that happened to the object loses its meaning:
- knitted sweater - knit (nesov.v.);
- wicker basket - to weave (nesov.v.).
Such a sign breaks the connection with the form from which the verb adjective came from, and now the word indicates the final state of the object, without taking into account its origin: "chiseled pencil", "ragged shoe", "pickled cucumbers".
The spelling of verbal adjectives is the stumbling block of Russian spelling. The problem is distinguishing homonymous parts of speech.
Students do not understand why in the same word can be written as "n" and "nn":
- ruble meat;
- ruble minced with ax meat.
In fact, everything is very simple. By default, suffixes of verbal adjectives, except for exceptions for “ovanny” and “yovanny”, are written with one letter “n”. But when dependent words or prefixes appear, this part of the speech becomes passive participles, in the full form of which “n” doubles by the rule.
Compare:
- Wears a new dress (from the verb “to wear” a nonspecific look, there are no dependent words or prefixes);
- Wearing an old (by whom?) Grandfather coat (is a dependent word);
- The trousers that were previously made (from the verb “enter” the Sov.view, there is a prefix).
Of course, as in any rule of the Russian language, this algorithm has its own characteristics. For example, the word "wounded" does not fit this rule, formed from a perfect-looking non-prefixed verb.
Based on the rule governing the writing of two similar parts of speech, spelling errors in the suffixes of these words can be completely eliminated.