Secondary basic education is an intermediate link between the primary and higher levels of education.
Historical information
Secondary education took shape as an intermediate stage between elementary and university types of education at the end of the Middle Ages. This was due to the progress of culture, science and production. In Russia during the XV-XVI centuries. the structure of secondary education corresponded to the classical type of education. Grammar schools have become the main type of educational institutions. After several centuries, domestic education of a general type began to spread more and more. At the beginning of the 20th century, in most countries, secondary education was established and divided into structural elements. Now the standard training system had two types: special and general. Until the 20th century, secondary education in Russia could be obtained mainly in gymnasiums. The training also took place in commercial and real schools. Secondary education as a concept in Russia has several meanings. A term may be synonymous with several definitions. In particular, to the knowledge that secondary school provides. Education can also be complete, professional. Sometimes this term ("secondary education") is used as a characteristic of low quality education.
General secondary education
This level of training is not special or professional. The modern form of general education includes several components. In a broad sense, this is primary, pre-school, primary, secondary full and additional education for children. Nevertheless, there are often situations where the first two of the above elements are considered separately and are not included in the term "general secondary education". This is due to the requirements for the level of knowledge of students. In the first two cases, training is in some way introductory. In a number of countries, including Russia, the first three levels of education are taken for general secondary education. This is a completely different form of obtaining knowledge, different from primary and preschool.
Structure. Preschool education
This type of knowledge is intended for children aged 2-7 years. The program includes the development of physical, personal and some intellectual qualities. The tasks of preschool education can be completely different. It depends on the culture, traditions, legislation, as well as on the approach to teaching in each particular country. It can be implemented through various traditional institutions, be binding or not. Russian pre-school education is carried out mainly in the relevant institutions - DOE. It can also be implemented in special centers of continuing education and at home.
According to statistics, in Russia at the moment, a huge number of young families have a child who is not provided with a place in a preschool educational institution. One of the main tasks of modern family policy is to teach parents the basic principles of preschool education.
First level
This type of training is the first step of all that make up general secondary education. This is a rather important stage in obtaining knowledge in many countries, including Russia. In the process of primary education, children acquire and develop many necessary qualities. They begin to receive first information about the world around them, learn to solve applied problems and improve communication skills. At this stage, the process of forming the personality of the child.
Main level
This type represents the second stage of full training. The main goal pursued at this level, included in general secondary education, is to create certain conditions for the development of the interests and inclinations of the student, as well as the formation and formation of his personality. This stage is mandatory and necessary to move to the next level of knowledge. In developed countries, the law on education defines this type of education as compulsory for all children of the corresponding age. In addition, in advanced countries, this level of knowledge should be publicly available, that is, free. Education takes place at school. Almost all of the above items are usually reflected in the constitution.
The program of secondary education in Russia is designed for nine years. Students take the final exam at the end of the last year of study. Testing of knowledge is carried out in accordance with the standards that contain GEF secondary general education. Based on the results of the exam, the abilities of each student are revealed. The educational program of secondary general education gives children a basic course of knowledge. Some schools provide in-depth study of individual subjects. Having a certificate of secondary education, in the future, a graduate can go to one of the following levels of education.
Final stage
This type of knowledge is the third level of general education. The goal in this case is the formation of the student’s ability to self-study and the development of his creative abilities. The legislation of the Russian Federation provides that this type of education is publicly available, but at the same time it is not mandatory. And if general secondary education is a nine-year basic course, then the complete one is a preparatory stage before entering a university. The success of passing entrance exams to the institute to a large extent depends on the results of final tests. Domestic complete general education involves the following stages of training: primary, general primary and two senior classes.
In a number of other developed countries, the final stage is somewhat longer. In Germany, for example, it is four years. It is for this reason that only a small part of domestic certificates are fully quoted abroad. In fact, the majority of applicants from Russia have no opportunity to be enrolled in almost all foreign higher education institutions. Secondary education in Russia ends with a unified state exam. Its result is calculated in points. Their number determines the possibility of admission to a particular university. In addition to secondary schools, there are also evening schools, lyceums and gymnasiums.
Additional education for children. Key points
This species is a variable component of general education. Additional training is designed to help the student develop a need for creativity and knowledge of the world. The purpose of this motivational program is to assist in the process of child's self-realization, in personal and professional definition. This term arose in the early 90s with changes in a number of regulatory acts of the Russian Federation. Children's continuing education has many interpretations. Most researchers believe that it should be understood as a systematic process of training and education through the implementation of structured educational programs.
Legal Aspects
Everyone has the right to an affordable and free education. In Russia and a number of other developed countries, this is fixed in the constitution. Also at present, in many states, obtaining a general education is not only a right, but also an obligation.
Organizational moments
General education is provided at municipal, state and private institutions. The creation of the latter in the educational sphere of a number of some countries is strictly prohibited. In the Russian Federation, educational institutions of different levels can be licensed. In many states, full general education is free. At least until its third level. As a rule, due to the direction of social policy, the entire education system is supported .
Standard requirements
The quality of secondary education, as well as curriculum development and schoolchildren training, is monitored by government agencies. This happens in every country. These standards differ from the requirements in higher education institutions. The latter have an international focus. Unified standards of secondary education do not actually exist. Similar can be considered the general requirements regarding the duration of training in the respective institutions. In most cases, this period lasts more than ten years. There is also a need for final exams for students. In many developed countries, the number of items handed in varies from 6 to 12.
Most progressive states provide a thirteen-year secondary education course. At the same time, domestic practice involves only eleven years of education and the minimum number of required exams is only two. These subjects are mathematics and the Russian language, the rest are surrendered at the individual choice of each student, if they are necessary for admission to the university.
A graduate has the right to obtain a certificate if he has shown positive test results in two main disciplines. State policy pays particular attention to the strategic importance of the educational area. For this reason, international organizations are monitoring changes in the field of basic knowledge, despite the lack of common standards. According to the results of these studies, the quality of training has declined markedly, and this trend continues.